Page 417
Index
Abe, General Nobuyuki: 18Acheson, Dean G. See also State, Department of. air-naval commitment proposed by: 73 and air operations: 242, 247, 249-50, 286 and armistice proposals: 278, 390-91 Attlee, conference with: 291-92 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 249-50, 255, 268 and Chinese intervention: 286 and Communists, negotiating with: 268 and continental China, operations against: 329-30 and financial aid to Korea: 30 on intelligence failure: 62 and Korea as strategic area: 51-52, 68 and limited offensives: 402 on MacArthur relief: 365n, 374-75 and materiel supply to ROKA: 68-69 and Nationalist China, use of troops: 116 and North Korea, operations in: 255, 275 on objectives in Korea: 352 and political settlement proposals: 359 and Soviet intervention: 286, 352 on 38th Parallel, advance across: 351-52 and U.N. troops, requisitions for: 227-28, 238, 356 and unification as objective: 350 and U.S. troops, deployment and withdrawal: 79nActive Reserves. See Army Reserve; Reserve components.Advance Command and Liaison Group (ADCOM) departure from ROK: 86 mission: 71-72 USAFIK, proposed merger with: 86 as USAFIK staff: 81-82Adviser groups. See Military Advisory Group to ROK (KMAG); Military missions; Provisional Military Advisory Group to ROK (PMAG).Advisers, Truman reliance on: 177-79Aggression, U.S. attitude toward: 292Air Force, Department of the See United States Air Force; Vandenberg, General Hoyt S.Air Force, Thirteenth: 49. See also Turner, Maj. Gen. Howard M. (USAF). Air operations: 69-70, 73-74, 77, 80. See also Strategic air operations; Tactical air operations, control of: 109-11 FEAF, control by: 108-09 proposed: 242, 247, 249-50, 286Air operations, enemy: 76-77Airborne Divisions 11th: 44, 93-94, 108, 168-71, 230, 294 82d: 44, 90, 93, 118, 132, 153, 169-71, 230, 294Airborne operations at Inch'on, plans for: 152 plans for: 169-70, 215-16 World War II experience: 168Airborne Regimental Combat Team, 187th: 93-94, 108, 119, 142, 169-71, 196, 215-16Airborne units requisitions for: 168-71 training program: 169-70Aircraft B-29 bombers: 109-10, 241-44 C-47 cargo (transport): 341 C-119 cargo (transport): 168, 170 losses: 247 ROKA strength: 40 shortage of: 109 transports, shortage of: 88Aircraft, enemy IL fighters: 39 losses: 247 MIG fighters: 247 strength: 39 YAK fighters: 39, 74Airfields construction and repair: 261, 341 defense of: 300 enemy demolition of: 195Airlift operations ammunition supply by: 229 control of: 108-09 plans for: 157 to Pusan: 80-81 of supplies: 195, 235, 257-58, 301, 341-42 of troops: 87-88, 127-29, 215-16ALABAMA line: 379-80Alaskan Command: 43, 45Allen, Maj. Gen. Leven C.: 202, 205, 235, 306-07Almond Lt. Gen. Edward M. See also Corps, X. and air operations, control of: 109-10 and airborne units, deployment of: 169 as chief of staff, GHQ, FEC: 49 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 264-65 and Chinese intervention: 236, 259 Church, directive to: 80-81 Collins, conference with: 283 and corps organization: 159 and credit for X Corps, oversight in: 186 dual role of: 158 estimates of situation by: 111-12 and GHQ Reserve, headquarters for: 155-58 at Hungnam: 301Page 418418Almond, Lt. Gen. Edward M.-Continued at Inch'on: 141, 148-49, 158-59, 172, 190, 196 MacArthur, conference with: 188-89 and Marine Corps units, employment of: 160, 164-65 and materiel losses and destruction: 301-04 North Korea, operations in: 233, 236, 245, 257, 259-66, 271-73, 274, 278-84 and power plants, preservation of: 264-65 at Pusan: 125, 301 replacements, requisitions for: 129 and Seoul, recovery of: 184-85 supply system and operations: 259, 297 at Tokyo conference: 278-82 training program: 159 troop units needed, estimates of: 107-08 U.N.-ROK ground troops, control of: 215-18 Walker, conference with: 125 in withdrawal operations: 301-06 at Wonsan: 188-90, 195-96, 202, 205-10, 212, 216-19, 232Ambush operations, enemy: 235American Mission in Korea (AMIK): 34Ammunition deficiencies and shortages in: 84, 202 estimate of requirements: 45-47 requisitions for: 229-30 supply of: 46, 59, 229-30, 236, 257 supply by airlift: 229 supply to ROKA: 35, 66Amnesty proclamation, plans for: 180Amphibious Group One, USN: 147, 172Amphibious operations, enemy: 61, 65Amphibious operations and training: 55, 57, 85-86, 134-35, 137-40, 141n, 156, 160-63, 168, 177, 187-91, 195-96, 205-10, 336, 397Amphibious Tank and Tractor Battalion, 56th: 171-72Antiaircraft artillery, stocks on hand: 46Antiaircraft artillery battalions: 94Antiaircraft Artillery Group, 9th: 54Antiaircraft artillery units, requisitions for: 93, 166Antiaircraft defense, enemy: 246-47Antitank defense deficiencies in: 84 NKA strength: 39An-tung: 179, 200, 230, 241-42, 245-46Argentina: 356Armed Forces Organization Act, ROK: 34Armistice proposals: 183, 197, 28344, 287-93, 331-33, 358-59, 384-85, 390-92, 396, 399-405. See also Political settlement proposals.Armor units. See Tank units.Armored Cavalry Regiment, 3d: 44-45, 118Armored Divisions 2d: 44, 90-92. 230, 294 50th: 124Armored Field Artillery Battalion, 6th: 91Armored fighting vehicles. See Tanks.Army, Department of the. See also Pace, Frank, Jr.: United States Army; War Department. coordination of plans with: 152-53 MacArthur, directives to: 102Army area organization: 42nArmy Field Forces: 42. See also Clark, General Mark W.Army Policy Council: 123, 131, 221-22, 234Army Reserve. See also Reserve components. Army expansion, role in: 120-22 call-up of: 88, 120-21, 122 troop units, strength: 121Arnold, Maj. Gen. Archibald V.: 17Artillery. See Antiaircraft artillery; Field artillery.Artillery fire support: 81, 84, 96-97, 109, 303, 338Artillery losses: 111. See also Materiel, losses and destruction.Ascom City: 206-07Asiatic troops, proposal for commitment: 193-94Atomic bomb, potential use: 283-84, 288, 289-90, 320nAttlee, Clement R. See also United Kingdom. Acheson, conference with: 291-92 and armistice proposals: 292-93 and atomic bomb, potential use: 289-90 and Communist China, concessions to: 292-93 and Communist China, U.N. seating: 292-93 expansion of conflict, concern over: 289-90, 292, 321 Marshall, conference with: 291-92 Truman, conference with: 288-93Attrition tactics: 333-34, 361-64, 382, 396, 397AUDACIOUS: 364Austin, Warren R.: 73, 333, 369-71Australia and Chinese intervention: 266 military assistance from: 115 troop units, deployment of: 225, 227, 356-57Baillie, Hugh: 284Baird, Col. John E.: 36Bank of Chosen: 5Barr, Maj. Gen. David G.: 265Beach conditions, effect on operations: 140-41, 146-47Beiderlinden, Maj. Gen. William A.: 88, 128-30, 238Beightler, Maj. Gen. Robert S.: 49Belgium and Belgian troops: 225, 227Benninghoff, H. Merrell: 17-18Bevin, Ernest: 200n, 251n, t60-61. See also United Kingdom.BLUEHEARTS: 139-40, 168Bolling, Maj. Gen. Alexander R.: 63-64Bolte, Maj. Gen. Charles L: 132, 152, 257 and airborne units, deployment of: 169 and Army expansion planning: 118 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 266-68Page 419Bolte, Maj. Gen. Charles L.-Continued and Chinese intervention: 298 and emergency declaration: 298 and Far East, security of: 75-76 and General Reserve, levies on: 91, 93 MacArthur, conferences with: 223-25, 237 and Marine Corps units, employment of: 161-62 and National Guard, levies on: 123-25 and North Korea, operations in: 181-82 and replacements, requisitions for: 22-24, 228-29, 237, 271, 294, 298 ROKA equipment, view on: 35 and Soviet intervention: 75-76, 298 and supply system and operations: 258 and U.N. troops, employment of: 224-27 Walker, conference with: 237 and withdrawal operations: 298Bombardment, aerial. See Air operations; Strategic air operations; Tactical air operations.Bonesteel, Col. Charles H.: 9-10Bradley, General of the Army Omar N.: 285, 327. See also Joint Chiefs of Staff. and air-naval commitment: 70 and Chinese intervention: 234, 254-55, 275, 286 and EUCOM, deployment of troops to: 223, 286 and Formosa, security of: 370 and MacArthur, relief of: 365n, 374-75 and North Korea, operations in: 255 and occupation troops, withdrawal of: 50 and ROKA, expansion and training: 394 and Soviet intervention: 69 and strategic air operations: 244, 286 at Wake Island conference: 211-14Brazil: 356-57Brewster, Owen: 365nBridges demolition of: 195, 241-47, 258, 303-04, 372 enemy construction and repair: 246 shortages of equipment: 159nBridges, Styles: 365nBritish Army troops. See United Kingdom. British Commonwealth. See commonwealth by name; United Kingdom.Brooks, Lt. Gen. Edward H.: 118, 238Bureau of the Budget: 46Burke, Rear Adm. Arleigh A.: 312Burma: 266, 333Byrnes, James F.: 10Cain, Harry P.: 365nCairo Declaration on Korea: 6, 349Camouflage operations, enemy: 275Camp Drake: 88n, 130Canada: 115, 225, 227, 356-57Career Guidance Program: 55-56Caribbean Command: 43, 45Casualties civilian: 405 Communist China: 389-91, 405 Communist-inflicted: 37-38 Eighth Army: 127-28, 297 FEC estimates: 88 guerrillas, enemy: 38 at Inch'on: 173, 247 North Korean Army: 405 as percentage of strength: 87n Republic of Korea Army: 235, 405 United Nations Command: 238, 405 US. Army: 127-28, 297, 405 X Corps: 297Cates, General Clifton P. (USMC): 261Cavalry Division, 1st: 54 amphibious operations, plans for: 85-86, 139 combat effectiveness: 80n deployment to combat: 86, 112-13, 140-41 Koreans attached to: 168 North Korea, operations in: 235 at P'yongyang: 204-05Cavalry Regiments. See also Armored Cavalry Regiment, 3d. 7th: 55, 177 8th: 235, 257Cease-fire. See Armistice proposals; Political settlement proposals.Cease-fire line. See Demilitarized zone (DMZ).Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): 65, 199Chae Byong Duk, General (ROKA): 72, 74Chang, John M.: 313Changjin Reservoir area: 216n, 236, 252-53, 259-66, 279-80, 297, 301Chech'on: 340Cheju do: 38, 313, 324-25Chemical units, requisition for: 98Chiang Kai-shek: 368. See also China, Nationalist. and Formosa, security of: 368-69 MacArthur, conference with: 368 Struble, conference with: 368 troop units, offer of: 116, 283-84, 295Chief of Naval Operations. See Sherman, Admiral Forrest P.Chief of Staff, US. Air Force. See Vandenberg, General Hoyt S.Chief of Staff, US. Army. See Collins, General J. Lawton.Chief of Transportation: 91Chiles, John H.: 65n, 266China, Communist. See also Chou En-lai; Mao Tse-tung. 4th Field Army: 233 124th Division: 236, 260-61 126th Division: 236 aggressor, named by UN.: 332-33 air reconnaissance of: 328 air violations by USAF: 247 armistice, terms rejected by: 331-32Page 420China, Communist-Continued assets frozen: 318 atomic bomb, attitude toward: 289n blockade of proposed: 102, 283-84, 289, 291-92, 315, 318, 321, 328-29, 339, 393 border, inviolability of: 188-89, 196-202, 212-14, 235-36, 240-41, 248-56, 264-71, 277, 283-84, 372, 380, 382, 384-85 casualties: 389-91, 405 combat effectiveness: 83, 84-85, 105-06, 238, 277, 327, 358, 398 concessions to, proposed: 292-93 disclaimer for military actions: 317 economic sanctions against, proposed: 318, 328 Formosa, threat to: 197, 366-69 industry, proposed destruction of: 315 intervention by: 85, 178-90, 196-202, 212-14, 222, 239-42, 250-57, 259, 266-67, 271, 274-78, 285-89, 298-99, 308-12, 318, 322, 327-30, 333, 372 materiel losses: 390 military power status: 405-06 morale: 390 naval operations against, proposed: 320-21, 329 North Korea, pledges support to: 197, 233, 240-41 offensives by: 379-80, 387-90, 398-99, 403 operations against, proposed: 291, 315-18, 319-25, 328-30, 332, 339, 351, 369, 373, 380, 384, 386, 392-93, 396 prisoner of war losses: 233, 236, 390 propaganda campaigns: 289n rations, shortages of: 390 recognition of, proposed: 292, 332-33 Soviet Union, relations with: 197, 201, 317, 320 strategic air operations against, proposed: 283-84, 289, 292, 320 tank operations by: 236 territorial violation charged to U.S.: 197 troop movements, reports on: 179, 198-200, 233-34, 238-41, 259, 263, 273, 276-77 troop units, deployment to North Korea: 179, 222n, 233-34 troop units, strength in Korea: 241, 244-45, 259n, 380, 384-85, 387, 405 U N., proposals for admission to: 197, 290-93, 331 withdrawal operations: 389-90China, invasion of and influence on Korea: 2-3China, Nationalist. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Formosa. and Cairo Declaration on Korea: 6 combat effectiveness: 320 intelligence reports from: 199, 276 logistical support of: 328-29 military assistance, offer of: 116 troop units, employment proposed: 116-17, 295-96, 307, 315-17, 319-21, 329, 339, 393 troop units, strength: 320 trusteeship, agreement on: 13, 26 weapons, deficiencies in: 320Chinnamp'o: 140, 141n, 187, 236, 258Chip'yong-ni: 339-40Choch'iwon: 82Ch'ongch'on River: 234-35, 258Ch'ongjin: 7-8, 266, 269Ch'ongju: 86, 216Chongsanjangsi: 216Ch'ongsongjin: 246Chonui: 82Ch'orwon: 206, 364, 389, 401-02Ch'osan: 234-35, 270Chosin Reservoir: 263n. See also Changjin Reservoir area.Chou En-lai: 197-98, 199-201, 234, 251n. See also, China, Communist.CHOW CHOW: 71CHROMITE. See Inch'on (CHROMITE).Chumunjin: 141nCh'unch'on: 10, 61, 65, 70-71, 354, 387-89Ch'ungju: 86, 112, 188-89, 195-96Chungking, as seat of Korean provisional government: 5Church, Maj. Gen. John H.: 74 as adviser to ROKA: 80-81 Almond, directive from: 80-81 defensive measures by: 72 enemy effectiveness, report on: 83 heads GHQ Advance Command: 71-72 MacArthur, briefed by: 74Churchill, Winston S.: 7, 288Civil affairs. See also Occupation. conduct of: 25, 221 transfer from military: 25Clark, General Mark W.: 134 and Army expansion goals: 118 on combat readiness of 2d Division: 94 and National Guard, levies on: 124-25Clarke, Brig. Gen. Carter W.: 137Climate: 2. See also Weather, effect on operations.Close air support. See Tactical air operations.Coast Guard, ROK: 34Collective security arrangements for: 41 need for expressed: 333Collins, General J. Lawton and AAA units, deployment of: 93 and airborne units, deployment of: 169-71 Almond, conference with: 283 and Army troops to halt invasion: 69 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 268-70 and Chinese intervention: 234 and combat effectiveness, enemy: 327 and combat effectiveness, U.S.: 56-57, 292 and emergency declaration: 299 estimates of situation by: 327 and FEC troop unit strength: 53 functions and chain of authority: 42Page 421Collins, General J. Lawton-Continued and General Reserve levies on: 91-93, 183-34, 343 421 and Inch'on operation: 140-41, 142, 149-51 as JCS representative in Korea: 101-02 Joy, conference with: 283-84 and Kunsan operation: 176-77 limited offensives, directive on: 401 MacArthur, conferences with: 78-79, 105-08, 140n, 149-51, 160, 169, 171, 282-84, 325-29, 368, 373 on MacArthur relief: 365n, 375-76 on MacArthur violation of directives: 218n, 339n and Marine Corps units, employment of: 160 on morale: 326 on morale status, enemy: 327 and National Guard, levies on: 122-25, 130, 325-26, 345 and North Korea, operations in: 269-70, 282-85 on press correspondents, statements to: 326 and replacements, requisitions for: 91-92, 108, 130-33, 228, 239, 294- 95, 310-11, 313, 325-26, 343-44 Ridgway, directives to: 383, 385 and ROKA, combat effectiveness: 326 and ROKA, expansion, equipping, and training: 394 and ROKA, withdrawal of: 313 and security of troop movements: 133 and service units, reduction in: 343-44 and Soviet intervention: 269-70 Stratemeyer, conference with: 283-84 and supply system and operations, enemy: 327 and survey mission, proposal for: 69 tactical air operations, concept of: 110 Truman, conference with: 79 and U.N. troops, deployment of: 224-28 visits to combat areas: 108, 137, 282-84, 313, 326-27 Walker, conferences with: 137, 282-83Command and staff: 48, 208, 243nCommerce, Department of: 318Communists Acheson on negotiating with: 268 Japanese occupation, activity during: 5-6 North Korea, domination by: 24-25 ROK, activities in: 19-20 U.S. policy on containing: 67n, 100Congress approval of not sought by Truman, 73 Army expansion, approval of: 120n Army Reserve, recall authorized: 122 MacArthur, hearings on relief: 365n, 392Congressional committees: 365Constabulary. See National police, ROK, plans for.Construction machinery, stocks on hand: 46Corps staffs, plans for organizing: 134-36, 155, 158-59 I. See also Coulter, Lt. Gen. John B.; Milburn, Lt. Gen. Frank W. activated: 134-35, 155, 202 deployment to combat: 135-36, 155 at KANSAS-WYOMING lines: 379-80 North Korea, operations in: 234-35, 257, 274, 363 at P'yongyang: 204, 206 in THUNDERBOLT: 333-34 V: 134-35 IX activated: 134-35 deployment to combat: 135-36 at KANSAS-WYOMING lines: 379-80, 389 in KILLER: 340 North Korea, operations in: 363-64 X. See also Almond, Lt. Gen. Edward M. activated: 158-59 casualties: 297 as element of Eighth Army: 189-90, 300-301, 307 Han River, operations around: 336-37, 339-40 in Inch'on operations: 151-52, 154, 172, 174-77 at KANSAS-WYOMING lines: 380 in KILLER: 340 link-up with Eighth Army: 177, 185 materiel losses and destruction: 297 morale status: 186 North Korea, drive on: 206-10 North Korea, operations in: 363-64 in occupation duty: 222 supply system and operations: 158 in THUNDERBOLT: 333-34 troop units and strength: 171-72 withdrawal from North Korea: 290-91, 300-306 in Wonsan operations: 187-90 XI: 274 XXIV: 13, 16, 25. See also Hodge, Lt. Gen. John R.Correspondents, war. See Press correspondents.Coulter, Lt. Gen. John B.: 27, 135, 155COURAGEOUS: 362-63Dairen: 10-11, 318Dams. See Power plants; also by name.DAUNTLESS: 363Dean, Maj. Gen. William F.: 108 ADCOM, proposes merger with USAFIK: 86 attempts to halt NKA: 82 captured: 112-13 on combat effectiveness, enemy: 83-84 commands 24th Division: 81 commands USAFIK: 81-82 on divisions, expansion of: 89Page 422Dean, Maj. Gen. William F.-Continued MacArthur, commended by: 106 troop units needed, estimate of: 104Defense, Department of. See also Johnson, Louis A.; Marshall, General of the Army George C. and Chinese border, inviolability of: 267-69 and Formosa, security of: 366-67 military assistance, role in: 117 and national policy, statements on: 373 and North Korea, operations in: 193 on objectives in Korea: 349-50 and political settlement proposals: 357-59 and 38th Parallel, advance across: 354Demilitarized zone (DMZ) establishment: 290-91, 384, 399-402, 404-05 proposals for: 290Democratic People's Republic of Korea. See North Korea.Discipline. See Morale.Divisions, number in U.S. Army: 53 See also by type.Doyle, Rear Adm. James H.: 140-41, 147-50, 172. See also Amphibious Group One, USN; Task Force 90, USN. and Inch'on operations: 172 MacArthur, conference with: 149 Marine Corps units, employment of: 164, 165n and Wonsan operations: 209, 217-19Duff, Maj. Gen. Robinson E.: 237Dulles, John Foster: 40Dunkerque, contrast with Hungnam: 302Dunn, James: 10Eberle, Maj. Gen. George L.: 189Economic sanctions, proposed against Communist China: 318, 328Eden, Anthony: 288Egypt: 101Eighth Army. See also Ridgway, General Matthew B.: Van Fleet, General James A.; Walker, General Walton H. armor operations: 175 casualties: 127-28, 297 combat effectiveness: 176, 345, 349 as combat, logistical, and ZI unit: 86, 207-08 deployment to combat: 112 engineer equipment shortages: 175-76 link-up with X Corps: 177, 185 materiel losses and destruction: 297 materiel shortages: 175 morale: 137, 145, 281-82 North Korea, drive on: 183-84, 187-90 195-96 North Korea, operations in: 202-14, 215, 234-36, 245, 257-60, 262, 266, 271-73, 274-75, 278-83 in Pusan Perimeter: 113-14, 125-27, 131-32, 137-38, 144-46, 148, 151- 54, 155, 162-64, 165n, 174-77 replacement problems: 127-34 replacement system: 88n, 129 replacements, number received: 127-29 supply system and operations: 398 X Corps as element: 189-90, 300-301, 307 troop unit strength: 52, 54, 342-44 U.S. nationals, evacuation by: 71 withdrawal planned: 222Eighth Army Rear: 86Eighth US. Army in Korea (EUSAK): 86Eisenhower, General of the Army Dwight D.: 316nElections: 26, 40, 180, 219-20, 269, 331Emergency declaration, U.S.: 298-300Engineer Combat Battalion, 19th: 171-72Engineer equipment, shortages in: 175-76Engineer Special Brigade, 2d: 94Engineer units, employment of: 93, 98, 166, 191, 230, 341-42England. See United Kingdom.Enlisted Reserve Corps. See Army Reserve.Equipment. See Material.Escalation of conflict. See Expansion of conflict, concern over.Estimates of situation by Almond: 111-12 by Collins: 327 by MacArthur: 105-08, 112-14, 145-46, 148, 150, 212-14, 216, 223, 240- 41, 244-45, 274-75, 278-80, 282-84, 307, 315, 327, 338-39, 348 by Ridgway: 105, 131, 355-56, 379-82, 388-89, 398 by Van Fleet: 398Europe as chief US. interest: 41European Command (EUCOM) deployment of troops to: 223, 286 security of: 212, 223, 316, 319, 372 troop unit strength: 43, 45Evacuation, strategic and tactical. See Withdrawal operations.Expansion of conflict, concern over: 242, 244-45, 247, 254, 289-90, 292, 317-18, 320-21, 324, 332, 381Far East, U.N. conference on problems: 331Far East Air Forces (FEAF) air operations, control of: 108-09 aircraft, shortages of: 109 Bomber Command activated: 109 Combat Cargo Command: 258 frontier violations by: 200-201 GHQ, relations with: 47-48 strategic air operations. See main entry. training program: 55 troop strength: 52-53, 196 U.S. nationals, evacuation by: 71Far East Command (FEC). See also General Headquarters, FEC; MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas. Advance Command and Liaison Group: 70-72Page 423Far East Command (FEC)-Continued airlifts, training in: 57 airlifts to Korea: 80 ammunition stocks: 59 amphibious training: 57 armor unit shortages: 89 Career Guidance Program, effect of: 55-56 casualties, estimates of: 88 casualties, as percentage of strength: 87n combat effectiveness: 54, 56-60, 80n combat-ready units, requisitions for: 92-99 combat-to-service troops, ratio: 54 command and staff structure: 48 divisions, expansion of: 88-92 equipment. See Material, below. field artillery unit expansion: 90-92 field artillery unit shortages: 89 geographic limits: 46-47 GHQ as top headquarters, 47 infantry unit expansion: 52-54 infantry unit shortages: 89 integration of services: 55 intelligence reports from: 62-64 Japan, industry as aid to: 58-59 Japanese employed by: 54, 58, 97 JCS, defense mission from: 50-52 maintenance and repair programs: 59 materiel, reclamation and supply: 58-60 mission of: 54-55 mortars, reclamation and supply: 59 motor vehicles, reclamation and supply: 59 noncommissioned officer shortages: 89 order of battle: 54 POL stocks: 59 ration stocks: 59 recoilless rifles, reclamation and supply: 59 reorganized: 136-38 replacements, requisitions for: 53, 56, 87-89, 98-99, 239, 343 SCAP, relations with: 48 service units, strength: 342 staff doubles for UNC: 103 strategic plans: 49-52 subordinate commands: 49 supply status: 58-60 survey mission to ROK. See Advance Command and Liaison GROUP (ADCOM). tanks, reclamation and supply: 59 Tokyo as headquarters: 49 training program: 54-58 troop units, quality: 55-57 troop units, strength: 43-45, 52-54, 230 troops units, structure: 49, 53-54 troop units, turnover: 54-55 as unified command: 43, 48n USAF and USN without staff representation: 108 weapons, reclamation and supply: 54-60 weapons shortages: 54, 106Field artillery stocks on hand: 46 transfer to ROKA: 35Field artillery, enemy: 39Field Artillery Battalions. See also Armored Field Artillery Battalion, 6th. 92d: 171 96th: 171 159th: 89nField Artillery GROUP, 5th: 97Field artillery units expansion in FEC: 90-92 requisitions for: 96-97, 136, 230 ROKA strength: 40 shortages in FEC: 89Fighter aircraft support, enemy: 90-92Financial assistance to ROK: 30Finletter, Thomas K.: 42n, 242, 352-53Flanders, Ralph E.: 365nFleet Marine Force, Atlantic: 159-60, 163Fleet Marine Force, Pacific: 150, 155-56, 159-61Flying Fish Channel: 147Food. See Rations.Foreign ministers, meeting of: 21-22, 26Formosa: 199, 289-93, 295, 319, 331. See also China, Nationalist. aircraft ordered to: 69 Communist China threat to: 197, 367-69 security of: 68, 367-71 Soviet view on: 371 as strategic area: 68 U.N. attitude toward: 369-71Formosa Strait: 369Forrestal, James V.: 10Foster, William C.: 40France. See also Pleven, René. and Chinese border, inviolability of: 248-49 combat operations: 340 expansion of conflict, concern over: 332 troop units, deployment of: 225, 227 U.N., introduces resolution in: 101 U.S., relations with: 331Fusen Reservoir: 263nGaither, Brig. Gen. Ridgely: 230Gardner, Admiral Matthias B.: 10Garvin, Brig. Gen. Crump: 81-82Gay, Maj. Gen. Hobart R.: 139-40General Classification Test: 56General Headquarters, FEC. See also Far East Command. FEAF, relations with: 47-48 as FEC top headquarters: 47 NavFFE, relations with: 47-48 staff agencies, replacements in: 129-30 staff structure: 47n, 49 USAF-USN, relations with: 47General Headquarters Reserve: 155-58Page 424General Headquarters Target Group: 110General Order No. 1: 10-11General Reserve field artillery unit strength: 96-97 importance of maintaining: 108 infantry unit strength: 90 JCS reluctance to levy on: 79, 87, 99 levies on: 88-94, 104, 118-20, 132-34, 153, 230, 343 troop units and strength: 44-45, 118Geneva Conventions: 381Geographical area, Korea: 1-2Great Britain. See United Kingdom.Greece, troop units: 225, 227, 356Gross, Ernest A.: 66Gruenther, Lt. Gen. Alfred M.: 132n, 181, 298Guerrilla operations: 329Guerrilla operations, enemy: 38, 64, 191n, 205, 222, 263-64Gunfire Support Group, USN: 172Haanmi-ri: 340Haeju: 140Hagaru-ri: 261, 265Haislip, General Wade H. and airborne units, deployment of: 170 and Chinese intervention: 298 and corps staffs, expansion of: 135 and replacements, requisitions for: 294Hamhung: 188-89, 191, 195-96, 205-06, 216, 236, 263, 279-80, 283, 290, 297, 301, 303-04Han River: 72, 83, 106, 139, 141, 159n, 169, 309-10, 327, 333-40, 361, 363, 389, 401-02Hapsu: 266Harriman, W. Averell: 306 MacArthur, conferences with: 145-46, 167, 369-70 on MacArthur relief: 374-75 and North Korea, operations in: 288 at Wake Island conference: 212Headquarters and Service Group, GHQ: 49Hickenlooper, Bourke B.: 365nHickey, Maj. Gen. Doyle O.: 202, 205, 307 and airlift, supply by: 341-42 and Chinese intervention: 235 as deputy chief of staff, GHQ: 49, 110, 189 FEC and UNC, temporary commander: 377 and GHQ Reserve, headquarters for: 157 and ROKA, withdrawal of: 313 at Tokyo conference: 278-82 Walker, conferences with: 127, 129, 145, 177Hideyoshi: 3Hodge, Lt. Gen. John R.: 20-21, 23 advisers assigned by: 33 constabulary, arming and organizing: 32-33 Japanese surrender carried out by: 13 martial law declared by: 25 on Moscow decision: 25 occupation directives to: 18, 25 on provisional government, return of: 14-16 relief asked by: 26-27 and ROKA, organizing and training: 32-33 and Soviet propaganda campaign: 22, 25 USAFIK commanded by: 13 withdrawal proposed by: 52Hoengsong: 334-35, 340Hoeryong: 246Hokkaido: 11Hong Kong: 199, 240, 318, 321Hongch'on: 354, 389Hopkins, Harry: 7, 13Huch'ang: 261nHungnam: 11, 188, 190-91, 195-96, 205-06, 259, 263-64 port operations: 301 withdrawal to and from: 279-81, 301-04, 311-12Hwach'on: 304, 364, 379-80Hwach'on Reservoir area: 389, 396, 397Hydroelectric plants. See Power plants.Hyesanjin: 236, 246, 265, 269Hyonch'on-ni: 340Ich'on: 333-34Imjin River: 304, 309, 363Inactive Reserves. See Army Reserve.Inch'on (CHROMITE): 67, 69-70, 139-54, 157-59, 161-62, 164, 168, 170-90, 196, 202, 308-09, 336, 386 air operations at: 146, 151-52 airdrop, plans for: 152 alternate landing sites planned: 141n, 148-50, 176-77 assault phase: 139-46, 171-77, 196, 397 casualties: 173 casualties, enemy: 173 command and staff structure: 147n, 152, 155-59, 172 DA, coordination of plans with: 152-53 intelligence estimates on: 174-75 link-up with Eighth Army: 177 logistical system for: 172 materiel supplies at: 173-74 mine clearance: 208 motor vehicles at: 173-74 naval support: 172 Navy-Marine Corps objections: 146-50 NKA threat to: 71 occupation troops land: 16 port operations: 189-91, 196, 202, 207-08, 258, 300 supply operations: 173-74 surprise, principle applied: 173 tactical air support: 173 target date set: 158-59 tides and beach, hazards in: 140-41, 146-47 training for: 159 troop units, direction of: 155-72 troop units, strength: 173-74, 310 withdrawal to: 283, 290-91, 300Page 425Independence, movements toward: 5-6India: 101, 198, 333Indochina: 293Infantry Divisions combat TOE authorized: 88-90 2d: 44, 119, 212, 297 combat effectiveness: 94, 108 deployment to combat: 92-96, 127, 142-44, 165-66 Han River operations: 340 Koreans attached to: 168 North Korea, operations in: 235 withdrawal planned: 223-24 3d: 44, 212 combat effectiveness: 132-34 deployment to combat: 118n, 131-34, 165, 215 Hungnam operations: 303-04 levies on: 90-92 North Korea, operations in: 236, 279 occupation duty: 222n, 223-24 withdrawal planned: 223 4th: 294 7th: 54, 129 combat effectiveness: 80n, 85-86, 90, 107-08, 166-67 deployment to FEC: 144-45, 165, 171-72 Inch'on operations: 157-58, 173-77 Koreans attached to: 167-68 levies on: 85-86, 165-66 North Korea, operations in: 236, 259, 264-66, 269, 279-80 reconstitution for combat: 165-68 Wonsan operations: 188, 196, 205, 207-08, 216-17, 219 24th: 54, 85-86. See also Task Force Smith, USA. casualties: 108, 111-13 combat effectiveness: 80n, 127 deployment to combat: 80-82 enemy strength faced: 105 Koreans attached to: 168 North Korea, operations in: 235 P'yongyang operations: 204-05 Taejon, defense of: 112-13 25th: 54 combat effectiveness: 80n, 127 deployment to combat: 85, 112, 141 Koreans attached to: 168 troop unit strength: 52 28th: 124-25, 294 29th: 124 31st: 124, 299 37th: 124 40th: 124-25, 294, 345, 385 43d: 124-25, 294 45th: 124-25, 294, 345, 385 47th: 299Infantry Regiments. See also Regimental Combat Teams. 17th: 165, 264-65 19th: 82, 111 21st: 82 23d: 340 24th: 81, 89n 29th: 90-91, 108, 166 32d: 164-66, 177 34th: 82 65th: 133, 165, 215Inje: 304, 379-80Intelligence estimates and reports: 62-64, 101-04, 139-40, 179, 198-202, 204, 208, 222, 237, 244-45, 257, 259-60, 263, 272-73, 274-77, 285, 304-05, 308, 337-40, 354, 363, 387-89, 403 failures in: 61-62, 65 at Inch'on: 174-75 from Nationalist China: 199, 276 from U.S. embassy: 62-63Interim People's Committee: 24Iwon: 208, 219, 236, 259Japan air threat to, enemy: 320 contract shipping from: 209-10 contractors, use by FEC: 209-10, 341 industrial exploitation of Korea: 4-5 industry as aid to FEC: 58-59 interest rates to Koreans: 5 invasion and occupation of Korea: 2-6 legal discrimination against Koreans: 1 mine clearance by: 209-10, 217 National Police Reserve: 131n, 314, 386 nationals employed by FEC: 54, 58, 97 occupation policy, MacArthur's: 55 officials in high Korean posts: 18 population in Korea: 5 quick U.S. entry into Korea, appeals for: 16 rebellions against: 4 security of: 75-76, 131, 301, 307, 316, 322-23, 325, 344-45, 383-86 Soviet threat to: 311 Soviet Union enters war against: 8 surrender procedure: 8-11, 13, 49-50 as U.N. sanctuary: 320Japan Logistical Command: 136-37, 207-08, 222, 229. See also Weible, Maj. Gen. Walter L.Japan Sea: 335, 361Jessup, Philip C.: 211-12Jet aircraft support. See Fighter aircraft support, enemy.Johnson, Louis A. See also Defense, Department of. Army expansion, approval of: 119-20 and Formosa, security of: 366, 367, 369-70 and Formosa as strategic area: 68Page 426Johnson, Louis A.-Continued functions and chain of authority: 42 on ground troops commitment: 79 resigns as Secretary of Defense: 181 role in military decisions: 103-04 Seventh Fleet movement, proposed by: 69n and Soviet intervention: 76 and U.N. military assistance from: 115-17 and U.S. policy toward Korea: 181Joint Chiefs of Staff. See also Bradley, General of the Army Omar N.; Collins, General J. Lawton; Sherman, Admiral Forrest P.; Vandenberg, General Hoyt S. and air reconnaissance of China: 328 air-naval operations, directives on: 73, 76-77 airborne units, decision to deploy: 169 and armistice proposals: 291-92, 384-85, 390-92, 396, 403-05 and Army expansion: 118-20, 298-99 and China, blockade of: 318, 321, 328-29 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 248-49, 252-55, 268, 384-85 and Chinese intervention: 199-200, 231-32, 234, 236, 240, 250-55, 298, 310-12, 327-30 Collins as Korea representative: 101-02 composition: 42-43 constabulary expansion, approved by: 33 and continental China, operations against: 291, 321-23, 323-30, 384, 392 courses of action considered: 295-96 and DMZ, establishment of: 384, 399-402 and economic sanctions against China: 328 and emergency declaration: 298 enemy strength, appraisal of: 384-85 and EUCOM, security of: 223, 319 and expansion of conflict: 242, 244-45, 247, 254 FEC, directive to: 50-52 and Formosa, security of: 368 functions and chain of authority: 42-43 and General Reserve, levies on: 79, 87, 99, 119-20 and guerrilla operations: 329 guidance on Korea sought by: 7 and Inch'on, reported opposition to: 184n and Inch'on operation: 148-51, 153-54 and Japan, security of: 301, 307, 345, 384-85 and Japan, Soviet threat to: 311 Japanese surrender procedures, role in: 9-10 KMAG ordered with ROK units: 70 and Korea as strategic area: 50-52, 253, 310 limited offensives, directives on: 384-85, 396, 397, 401-02 MacArthur, commendation of: 185-86 MacArthur, conferences with: 67, 69, 73, 142-44 MacArthur, directives to: 67, 69-70, 76-77, 116, 148, 150-51, 153-54, 161n, 180-84, 186-87, 194-98, 200, 218, 220, 242-44, 268-69, 278-80, 282, 310-12, 321-25, 329, 351, 353, 358-60, 371-73 MacArthur, mission assigned to: 47 MacArthur, recommended as U.N. commander: 102 and MacArthur, relief of: 365n, 374-76 and Marine Corps units, deployment of: 92, 160-63 and morale: 323-24 and National Guard, levies on: 122-25, 130, 317, 344-45, 385 and national policy, clearance of statements on: 285 and Nationalist China, logistical support of: 328-29 and Nationalist China, use of troops: 116-17, 295-96, 319, 321, 329 and naval operations against China: 321, 329 and North Korea, drive on: 179-84, 191 and North Korea, operations in: 180, 193-94, 250, 272, 279-82, 285-86, 288, 290 and objectives in Korea: 179-84, 186-87, 323, 325, 332, 349-51, 386- 87, 391-93 occupation, directives on: 196 and occupation troops, withdrawal of: 30 occupation zones planned by: 8 planning and decisions, problems in: 103-04 and political settlement proposals: 357-59, 391-92, 400-401 prisoners of war, directive on: 186-87 and power plants, bombardment of: 347-48 and Rashin, bombardment of: 346-47 and replacements, requisitions for: 79, 92; 93-94, 99, 119-20, 132-34, 224, 310, 328, 384 Ridgway, directives to: 381-87, 395-96, 401-02 ROK, policy on U.N. occupation: 180 and ROK government, support of: 180, 184, 328 and ROKA, control of troops: 218 and ROKA, effect of withdrawal on: 323-24 and ROKA, expansion and training: 392, 396 and Soviet border, inviolability of: 384-85 and Soviet intervention: 77, 253, 883, 391-92 and Soviet use of allies: 104 and strategic air operations: 242-44, 247, 249, 321, 329, 345 and supply system and operations, enemy: 384 surrender ultimatum, directive on: 186-87 and 38th Parallel, advance across: 353-54, 358, 396 troop strength, justify cuts in: 52 and U.K. concern over U.S. policies: 290 and U.N., military assistance from: 115-17 U.N. agent for operations: 101-03, 243 U.N. command chain, opposes committee in: 101 and U.N. objectives in Korea: 392 and U.N. troop units, requisitions for: 224-28, 237-38, 344, 356-57, 384 unified commands, control of: 43 USAFIK, control of: 25 and Van Fleet, assignment of: 378Page 427Joint Chiefs of Staff-Continued War Department as executive agent: 25-26 and withdrawal operations: 180, 223-24, 228-29, 254, 291, 311-12, 321- 25, 328, 383, 386, 391, 395-96 and Wonsan operation: 188 Joint Commission of U.S.-USSR: 21-23, 25-26 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC): 105 Joint Staff Planners: 9-10 Joint Strategic Plans and Operations Group (JSPOG): 47n, 187, 222, 237, 400. See also Wright, Maj. Gen. Edwin K. Joint Strategic Survey Committee: 33 Joint Task Force Seven, USN: 172, 196, 208 Joy, Vice Adm. C. Turner: 115, 261. See also Naval Forces, Far East (NavFFE). and air operations, control of: 109-11 Collins, conference with: 283-84 commands NavFFE: 49 and Hungnam operation: 205-06 and Inch'on operation: 152, 168, 172 MacArthur, conferences with: 149-50, 188 and Marine Corps units, employment of: 164 Ridgway, directive from: 382 and Wonsan operation: 196, 209Kaesong: 10, 38, 65, 188, 191n, 195-9O, 202, 204-05, 308, 404-05Kangnung: 61, 65KANSAS line: 363-64, 380, 384, 386, 389, 396-404Kansong: 379Kanto Plain: 49Kapsan: 236Keathley, MSTS: 66Killer: 340Kim Il Sung (NKA) and armistice proposals: 404 heads North Korea government: 24 surrender demand, rejects: 204 on U.S. tactics: 114nKim Koo: 5, 14, 19. See also Republic of Korea.Kim Sung Chu. See Kim Il Sung.Kimball, Dan A.: 352-53Kimp'o: 67, 69-70, 196Kimp'o Airfield: 16, 151-52, 173-74, 215, 236Kimp'o Peninsula: 387-88Knowland, William F.: 365nKobe: 172Koin-dong: 216Kojo: 191n, 217-18, 222nKongju: 82Korea. See also North Korea: Republic of Korea. Cairo Declaration on: 6, 349 Chinese invasion and influence: 2-3 Communist activity during Japanese occupation: 5-6 domestic conditions, influence of: 1 Imperial Russian aspirations in: 2-3 independence, U.S. policy on: 14 invasion plans, US.: 8 Japanese invasion and exploitation: 2-6 Japanese population in: 5 Japanese surrender procedures: 10-11 JCS, guidance sought on: 7 MacArthur relieved of responsibility for: 50 martial law declared: 25 national debt, 1910-45: 5 objectives in: 177, 179-84, 186-87, 255-56, 292-93, 323, 325, 332, 349-52, 357-58, 383-84, 386-87, 391-93, 397, 405-06 occupation, directives, and plans for: 7, 10, 19, 25-26, 180, 219-21 occupation, JCS directives on: 196 occupation troops, withdrawal: 30 occupation zones planned and defined: 8, 11 political situation, June 1950: 38-40 provisional government, formation and seats of: 5 provisional government, U.S.-USSR proposals for: 22 punitive expeditions against: 3 Soviet invasion of: 10-11 Soviet policy on future of: 14, 19, 23-25 as strategic area: 7, 10, 28-30. 50-52, 62, 68, 75, 178-79, 253, 310 treaties with U.S.: 3 troop units, Soviet proposal for withdrawal: 28-29 U.N. objectives in: 392 unification, Soviet opposition to: 22-23 unification as objective: 350 U.S. policy toward: 20-23, 181 U.S. relations with: 3-4 Wedemeyer report on: 28, 37 withdrawal from proposed: 52Korean Liaison Office: 62-63Korean Military Advisory Group. See Military Advisory Group to ROK (KMAG).Kosong: 401-02Kublai Khan: 2-3Kum River: 86, 111-12, 145, 311Kumch'on: 204-05Kumhwa: 206, 401-02Kumsong: 206Kumyangjang-ni: 334Kunsan: 7-8, 141n, 150-51, 176-77Kunu-ri: 195-96, 216, 235Landing ship, tank (LST): 146, 172, 206, 208, 217, 219, 258-59Language barrier, effect of: 18-19Larkin, Lt. Gen. Thomas B.: 118, 228-29, 297, 307-09Latin American troop units, deployment of: 356-57Leahy, Fleet Admiral William D.: 10Lemnitzer, Maj. Gen. Lyman L.: 65Liaotung Peninsula: 10-11Lie, Trygve: 100-101, 369-71Page 428Limited offensives, directives on: 384-85, 396, 397-99, 401-02Lin-chiang: 246Lincoln, Brig. Gen. George A.: 9-11Lines of communication: 191, 207, 258, 263-64 See also Supply system and operations.Lines of communication, enemy: 195, 263, 291, 327, 389, 399Logistical system and operations: 191, 207-08, 221, 228-30, 258-59, 272, 280. See also Lines of communication; Supply system and operations. at Inch'on: 172 Nationalist China, support of: 328-29Logistical system and operations, enemy: 137Lovett, Robert A.: 237, 242, 356-57, 359MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas. See also Far East Command (FEC); General Headquarters, FEC; Supreme Commander, Allied Powers (SCAP). AAA units, requisitions for: 93, 166 advice followed in Washington: 83 air force, ROK, view on activating: 34-35 and air-naval operations: 77 air units, requisitions for: 239 airborne operations, plans for: 169-70, 215-16 airborne units, requisitions for: 168-71 and airlift, supply by: 341-42 Almond, conference with: 188-89 and ammunition supply: 229-30 amphibious operations, plans and training for: 134-35, 137-40, 160-63, 168, 177, 187-91, 195-96, 205-10 armament, proposals for: 31-32 and armistice proposals: 183, 283-84, 358-59 army, ROK, view on organizing: 33-35 Army directives from: 102 and artillery fire support: 338 artillery units, requisitions for: 230 assumes control of U.S. forces in ROK: 71 and atomic bomb, potential use: 288, 320n and blockade of China: 291, 315, 318, 339 Bolte, conferences with: 223-25, 237 chemical units, requisitions for: 98 Chiang, conference with: 368 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 188-89, 196-202, 212-14, 235-36, 240-41, 250-56, 266-67, 269-71, 277, 283-84, 372 and Chinese intervention: 188-89, 196-202, 212-14, 235-36, 240-41, 250-56, 266-67, 271, 274-78, 285, 315, 322, 328, 372 Church briefed by: 74 Collins, conferences with: 78-79, 105-08, 140n, 149-51, 160, 169, 171, 282-84, 325-29, 368, 373 and combat effectiveness, enemy: 83, 84-85, 105-06, 277, 358 and combat effectiveness, U.S.: 282, 322-23 combat-loading asked by: 95 combat-ready units, requisitions for: 92-99 command authority: 47-48 commands FEC: 46-47 commands USAFFE: 47-48 and Communist China industry, destruction of: 315 conflict in command roles: 382-83 Congressional hearings on relief: 365n, 392 and continental China, operations against: 315-17, 319-25, 328-29, 339, 351, 369, 373 and corps staffs, plans for: 134-36 Dean commended by: 106 departure from Japan: 379 directives, violation of: 218n, 339n and divisions, expansion of: 89-90 Doyle, conference with: 149 and emergency declaration: 300 engineer units, use of: 93, 98, 166, 230, 341 estimates of situation by: 105-08, 112-14, 145-46, 148, 150, 212-14, 216, 223, 240-41, 244-45, 274-75, 278-80, 282-84, 307, 315, 327, 338-39, 348 and EUCOM, security of: 212, 316, 372 and expansion of conflict: 321 FEC reorganization: 136-38 field artillery units, requisitions for: 96-97, 136 and Formosa, security of: 68, 366-71 and General Reserve, maintaining: 108 and GHQ Reserve, headquarters for: 157-58 GHQ Target Group activated by: 110 and ground units, deployment of: 78-79, 80 and guerrilla operations, enemy and friendly: 183, 284, 313-14, 360 Han River, operations around: 335-36, 338-39 Harriman, conferences with: 145-46, 167, 369-70 and Inch'on operation: 139-54, 155, 158-59, 170, 172, 173-89, 336 intelligence furnished to: 275, 285, 305. See also Willoughby, Maj. Gen. Charles A. invasion, forecast and reaction to: 30, 65-66 Japan, occupation policy in: 55 and Japan, security of: 131, 316, 322-23, 325, 344-45 and Japanese contractors, use of: 209-10, 341 and Japanese National Police Reserve, arming: 314 Japanese surrender, role in: 13 JCS, commended by: 185-86 JCS, conferences with: 67, 69, 73, 143-44 JCS, directives from: 67, 69-70, 76-77, 116, 148, 150-51, 153-54, 161n, 180-84, 186-87, 194-98, 200, 218, 220, 242-44, 268-69, 278-80, 282, 310-12, 321-25, 329 Joy, conferences with: 149-50, 188 Korea, relieved of responsibility for: 50 and Kunsan operation: 176-77 Larkin, conference with: 228Page 429MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas-Continued and Manchuria, air operations in: 241-46, 251, 272-73, 277-78, 281, 283-84, 291, 320-25, 338-39, 351 and Marine Corps units, requisitions for: 92, 139, 142, 143, 159-64, 165n Martin, Joseph W., letter to: 374 and materiel losses and destruction: 301-03 medical units, requisitions for: 98 military career: 13 mission, adherence to: 106-07, 179, 183-84, 186-87, 190, 195, 234, 245, 252, 262, 270, 277-78, 282 missions assigned by JCS: 47 and morale: 322 Muccio, conference with: 74 and National Guard, levies on: 296, 325-26, 344-45 national police, plans for: 30-33 national policy, disagreements with: 284-85, 287n, 322-23, 325, 349, 358-59, 366, 371-74, 376 and Nationalist China, use of troops: 295-96, 307, 315-17, 319-20, 339 NATO, distrust of: 288 and naval gunfire support: 281 naval operations, plans for: 336 Navy units, requisitions for: 239 and North Korea, drive to: 107, 179, 183-91 and North Korea, operations in: 193-202, 205-10, 215-19, 278-84, 361-64, 371-72. See also Yalu River, operations around. Objectives in Korea, directive on: 180-84, 349 occupation directives and plans: 7, 10, 19, 25-26, 180, 219-21 offensive, maintenance of: 338 ordnance specialists, requisitions for: 97-98 over-optimism, cautions against: 339 and patrol actions: 363 plans for supporting: 83 and political settlement proposals: 358-59, 360-61, 374 and power plants, air operations against: 231-32, 241, 244-45, 248, 269-71, 347-48 press correspondents, statements to: 340, 351, 358-59 prisoners of war, plans for rescuing: 215 proclamation on occupation: 16 and Pusan operations: 176, 314 and Rashin, air operations against: 345-47 reconnaissance, aerial: 270 relief of: 364, 365-67, 374-77 replacements, requisitions for: 87, 89-99, 131-33, 136, 153, 155, 166-67, 238-39, 282-84, 294-95, 316, 325-26, 342-44 and replacements, shipment priorities for: 93-94 report on post-invasion events: 69 Rhee, address to: 185 Rhee, conference with: 74 Ridgway, conferences with: 145-46, 167, 307, 378 Ridgway, relations with: 305-07 Ridgway commended by: 336, 348 and RIPPER: 354-55 ROK, responsibilities in: 34 and ROK government, restoration and security: 180, 183-87, 313 ROK proclaimed by: 28 and ROKA, attachment to U.S. units: 167-68, 342-43 and ROKA, control of troops: 102, 188, 191n, 215-16, 218 and ROKA, expansion and training: 168, 230, 313-14, 394 and ROKA, withdrawal of: 312-13, 316 and security, maintenance of: 133, 339 and Seoul, operations around: 14, 72, 335-36 service units, use of: 97-98, 342-43 and Seventh Fleet, control of: 77 Sherman, conference with: 149-51 shipping, requisitions for: 106-07 signal units, requisitions for: 134-35 Smith, conference with: 148 and Soviet border, inviolability of: 372 and Soviet intervention: 188-89, 315, 325-26 and Soviet propaganda campaigns: 296 and Soviet Union, air operations against: 321 specialists, requisitions for: 139, 155, 166-67 Stratemeyer, conference with: 188 Struble, conference with: 149 Struble commended by: 348 supplies, requisitions for: 81-86, 228-30, 297 and supply system and operations: 335, 360, 363 and supply system and operations, enemy: 327, 339, 346-47 and surrender demand: 187-88, 193, 195, 203-04 tact, demonstration of: 336n and tactical air operations: 109-10, 215-16, 307 tactical plans: 106-07, 113-14, 126, 145-46, 177, 195-96, 205-06, 212- 14, 215-19, 245, 271, 275, 279, 290, 311-12, 314, 315, 328, 335-36, 338-39, 348, 349, 360 and tank support: 338 tank units, requisitions for: 92-93 and Task Force Smith: 82n and 38th Parallel, advance across: 338, 351-54, 358-60 timing, sense of: 144 at Tokyo conference: 278-82 training, directives on: 130, 165-66, 168 transportation units, requisitions for: 98 and troop unit strength, enemy: 212-14, 274-77, 280-81, 364 troop unit strength, protests cuts in: 52-53 troop units, requisitions for: 83-86, 106-08, 118Page 430MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas-Continued Truman, commendation by: 185-86, 325 U.K., attitude toward: 251 U.K., distrusted by: 288, 290, 365-66, 372 UNC, named commander of: 102 UNC activated by: 103 UNO, directive on reports to: 102-03 and UNO, military assistance from: 117 and UNO, military control by: 103n Vandenberg, conferences with: 105-06, 140, 325-27 VFW, message to: 370-71 visits to combat areas: 74-79, 216. 301, 307n, 339, 363 at Wake Island conference: 210-14, 218, 220, 222-23, 232, 371 Walker, conferences with: 125-26, 188-90 Walker, relations with: 307 and withdrawal operations: 30, 180, 222-30, 237, 271, 290, 294, 300- 303, 311-14, 316-17, 322-23, 327, 338-39 Yalu River, operations around: 250-56, 257, 262, 266, 268-73, 274, 276-78, 287, 290, 372Machine guns, stocks on hand: 46. See also Weapons.Maintenance and repair programs: 59Malik, Jacob and Chinese border, inviolability of: 249 political settlement proposed by: 197, 402 UNO, boycott by: 66, 101, 194Manchuria: 179, 182, 191, 198-201, 216, 218, 230-32 air operations in, proposed: 235, 241-46, 251, 272-73, 277-78, 281, 283-84, 291, 320-25, 338-39, 351, 386 air reconnaissance of: 328 as enemy sanctuary: 274, 320 occupied by USSR: 10-11Manp'ojin: 246, 260-61, 263Manp'ojin-Kanggye road: 261-62Mao Tse-tung: 232, 240, 40546. See also China, Communist.Mariana Islands: 49Marianas-Bonins Command (MARBO): 49Marine Air Group, 33d: 160Marine Air Wings 1st: 146, 159-60, 162, 216 2d: 159-60Marine Divisions 1st: combat effectiveness: 108, 159-160, 312 deployment to combat: 146, 160-61, 163-65, 171-72 at Inch'on: 173-77 North Korea, operations in: 236, 259-61, 265-66, 274, 279-82 in Pusan operation: 312 troop unit strength: 171-72, 343 withdrawal planned: 222n in Wonsan operation: 188, 196, 205-08, 216-17, 219, 236 2d: 159-62Marine Provisional Brigade, 1st: 127, 144, 157, 160-66Marine Regiments 1st: 163 5th: 142-44, 160, 163, 165, 172 6th: 163 7th: 163-64, 171-72, 236Marshall, General of the Army George C. See also Defense, Department of. and armistice proposals: 390 Atlee, conference with: 291-92 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 249 and continental China, operations against: 329-30 Korea, seeks guidance on: 7 and limited offensives: 402 and MacArthur, relief of: 365n, 374-76 named Secretary of Defense: 181 and National Guard, levies on: 345 and North Korea, drive on: 183-84, 191 and North Korea, operations in: 194, 218, 255, 286, 288 and objectives in Korea: 181-82 occupation priorities proposed by: 7-8 and political settlement proposals: 374 Ridgway, directive to: 383 and ROK government, restoration of: 184-85 and ROKA, arming of: 313, 394n Soviet occupation foreseen by: 8 and strategic air operations: 242, 247, 249 and 38th Parallel, advance across: 353-54 and U.N. troops, requisitions for: 227-28, 238, 356 and Van Fleet, assignment of: 378 and withdrawal operations: 395Martial law declared: 25Martin, Joseph W.: 374Materiel estimate of requirements: 45-46 losses and destruction: 112-13, 238, 283, 297, 301-04 losses and destruction, enemy: 390 reclamation and supply: 58-60 shortages in Eighth Army: 175 state of: 45-46 supply to ROKA: 35, 77 World War II, disposition of: 58Matthews, Francis P.: 42nMatthews, H. Freeman: 184Medical units requisitions for: 98 reservists called up: 122Mexico: 356-57Milburn, Lt. Gen. Frank W.: 202, 233, 257, 305. See also Corps, I.Page 431Military Advisory Group to ROK (KMAG): 205. See also Provisional Military Advisory Group to ROK (PMAG). activation and mission: 34 intelligence reports from: 62-63 with ROKA units: 80-81Military Air Transport Service (MATS): 168-69Military assistance. See also Financial assistance to ROK. other than from U.S.: 115 Rhee asks for: 34-36 State Department role in: 117 from UNO, requests for: 61 UNO channels in: 117 from U.S.: 35-36 world-wide, by U.S.: 41Military attache, U.S. See United States Embassy, Seoul.Military government. See Civil affairs; Occupation.Military missions. See also Advisers, Truman reliance on; Military Advisory Group to ROK (KMAG); Provisional Military Advisory Group to ROK (PMAG). Rhee asks for: 33-34 Soviet to NKA: 37 U.S. to ROK: 4, 29-30 U.S. world-wide, strength: 43Military policy, U.S.: 41-42Mines, clearance of: 206, 208-10, 215-18Mission, doctrine on: 278Missionaries evacuated: 71Mobilization, problems in: 119. See also Emergency declaration, U.S.Mongol invasion: 2-3Morale Communist China: 390 Eighth Army: 137, 143, 281-82 enemy: 275, 327 ROKA: 65 U.S. troops: 322-24, 326, 390 X Corps: 186Morehouse, Rear Adm. Albert K.: 261Mortars enemy strength: 39 reclamation and supply: 59 transfer to ROKA: 35Moscow meeting of foreign ministers: 21-22, 26Motor vehicles at Inch'on: 173-74 numbers in stock: 46 reclamation and supply: 59 shortages: 145 transfer to ROKA: 35Mount Fuji: 55Mt. McKinley, USS: 172, 209Mountains. See Terrain, effect on operations.Muccio, John J.: 36, 395 ADCOM, liaison with: 71-72 on combat efficiency of NKA: 39, 40 MacArthur, conference with: 74 and supply of arms to ROKA: 65-66 as U.S. ambassador: 28, 184, 221 U.S. nationals, orders evacuation of: 71Munsan-ni: 70-71, 404Mup'yong-ni: 265-66, 274Mutual Defense Assistance Pact (MDAP): 297Naktong River: 126-27, 145, 174-75, 311Nanking: 5National defense, effect of Korea commitment on: 104-05National Guard. See also Reserve components. Army expansion, role in: 120, 122-25 levies on: 122-25, 130, 153, 230, 283, 294, 296, 299, 317, 325-26, 344-45, 385 policy on federalizing: 124-25 public reaction to call-up: 123-24National police, ROK, plans for: 30-34National Police Reserve, Japan: 131n, 386National policy MacArthur disagreements with: 284-85, 287n, 322-23, 325, 349, 358-59, 366, 371-74, 376 statements on, clearing: 284-85, 324-25, 332-33, 349, 358-59, 366, 373National Security Council (NSC): 391 and Army expansion: 298-99 and blockade of China: 393 and Chinese intervention: 252, 254-56, 285-86, 328 and continental China, operations against: 329-30, 393 functions: 42n military decisions, role in: 103-04 and Nationalist China, use of troops: 393 objectives in Korea: 392-93 and political settlement proposals: 393 Truman, meeting with: 73 and withdrawals from Korea: 30, 393Naval Forces, Far East (NavFFE). See also Joy, Vice Adm. C. Turner. GHQ, relations with: 47-48 Joy commands: 49 personnel strength: 196 training program: 55 transport operations: 196 U.S. nationals, evacuation of: 71Naval gunfire support: 112, 151-52, 279, 281, 303-04. See also Naval operations.Naval operations: 69, 70, 73, 76-77, 336. See also Naval gunfire support. against Communist China, proposed: 320-21, 329 JCS directives on: 73, 76-77Navy, Department of the. See Kimball, Dan A.; Sherman, Admiral Forrest P.; State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC).Page 432Nehru, Jawaharlal: 197Netherlands Chinese intervention, report on: 266 troop units, deployment of: 225, 227New Zealand: 115, 225, 227, 356-57Night operations, enemy: 106, 281Noncommissioned officers, shortages in: 89Norge, SS: 71Norstad, Lt. Gen. Lauris (USAF): 145-46, 167North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): 41 and Chinese border, inviolability of, 250 and Chinese intervention: 287-89 MacArthur, distrust of: 288 mutual support article: 287n Soviet threat to: 287 U.S. role in: 287North Korea. See also Korea. agricultural resources and methods: 11-12 area and population: 11 communications with South broken: 23-24 Communist China pledges support: 197-98, 199-201, 233-34, 240-41, 251n Communist domination of: 24-25 cultural differences from South: 12 decision to invade South: 177-84 defections to: 38 drive on: 107, 179-91, 195-96, 206-10 electric power resources: 12 government established: 23-25, 29 industrial resources: 11-12 invasion, U.N. reaction to: 66-67 jurisdiction over, question of: 220-21 Kim Il Sung, head of government: 24 mineral resources: 12 occupation, plans for: 219-21 operations in: 180, 193-94, 202-14, 215, 234-36, 245, 250, 254-55, 257-62, 266, 271-83, 285-86, 288, 290 POL production: 12 propaganda campaigns by: 38 strategic air operations in: 281 subversion against ROK: 37 supply system and operations in: 281, 363-64 and surrender, demand for: 187-88, 193, 195, 203-04 tactical air operations in: 272 troop withdrawals, USSR: 24-25, 29 withdrawal from: 290-91North Korean Army aircraft strength: 39 aircraft supplied by USSR: 37 amphibious operations by: 61, 65 antitank gun strength: 39 artillery shellings by: 36 artillery strength: 39 artillery supplied by USSR: 37 attacks on South: 38 casualties: 405 Chinese participation evident: 85 combat effectiveness: 39, 83, 145, 212 initiative lost by: 112, 114, 125, 137, 188-89 invasion of ROK: 1, 36-38, 61-65, 80-82, 111-12 logistical problems: 137 military missions, USSR: 37 mortar strength: 39 night operations, skill in: 106 organization and training: 36-37 POL supplied by USSR: rout of: 185 Seoul, advance on and seizure: 70-72 Soviet influence evident: 61n, 67, 75-76, 84-85, 178 Soviet Union, arming by: 37, 187-88, 208-09, 230-32, 247 superiority of: 70 tank strength: 39 tanks supplied by USSR: 37 training by Soviets: 25 troop movements, reports on: 273 troop units, strength: 36-37, 39, 387, 405 troop units, structure: 39 withdrawal from South: 195, 204-05Nuclear weapons. See Atomic bomb, potential use.Occupation directives and plans for: 7, 10, 19, 25-26, 180, 219-21 Hodge, directives to: 4, 18, 25 JCS directive on: 196 MacArthur proclamation on: 16 North Korea, plans for: 219-21 opposition to: 19-20 priorities proposed: 7-8 Soviet zone defined: 11 U.N. control of: 219-21 U.S. objective defined: 19 U.S. troop units land: 16 U.S. troop units withdrawn: 29-30, 50 zones planned and defined: 8, 11O'Donnell, Maj. Gen. Emmett C. (USAF): 246nOffice of Foreign Liquidation: 35Office of Special Investigations, USAF: 63Okinawa native laborers from: 341 security of: 75-76 as staging area: 49Ongjin Peninsula: 65, 401-02Ongondong: 246Onyang-ni: 263Operations Division, WDGS: 8-11Ordnance Department: 45-46Ordnance Heavy Maintenance Company, 378th: 94Ordnance specialists, requisitions for: 97-98Organized Reserve Corps. See Army Reserve.Page 433Osan: 82-83, 139, 177, 326Otsu: 222nPace, Frank, Jr.: 69 and Army expansion and reduction: 118, 221-22, 299 and Chinese intervention: 299 and continental China, operations against: 329 functions and chain of authority: 42 and MacArthur, relief of: 376-77 and National Guard, levies on: 124 over-optimism, cautions against: 339 and 38th Parallel, operations around: 352-53 and Van Fleet, assignment of: 378 at Wake Island conference: 211-14Pacific Command: 43. See also Radford, Admiral Arthur W.Paik Sun Yup, Maj. Gen. (ROKA): 233Pannikar, K. M.: 197-98, 200n, 251n, 289nParks, Maj. Gen. Floyd L.: 133Partridge, Maj. Gen. Earle E. (USAF): 348Patrol actions: 363, 387-88, 398Peng Teh-huai (CCF): 404People's Democratic Republic of Korea. See Korea; North Korea.People's Republic of China. See China, Communist.Petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL) FEC stocks: 59 North Korea production: 12 Soviet supplies to NKA: 37 supply of: 208Philippine Scouts: 52Philippines security of: 75-76 troop units, deployment of: 227-28, 356Philippines Command, USAF (PHILCOM): 49, 58Piburn, Brig. Gen. Edwin W.: 137PINK: 297Pleven, René: 332-33P'ohang-dong: 86, 300Police forces. See National police, ROK, plans for.Political parties, number in ROK: 18Political settlement proposals: 197, 352, 357-61, 374, 390-93, 396, 400- 402. See also Armistice proposals.Port Arthur: 11, 318Port systems and operations: 2, 195, 207-08, 258 Hungnam: 301 Inch'on: 189-91, 196, 202, 207-08, 258, 300 Pusan: 4, 172, 188, 190-91, 196, 207, 208, 258, 300 Wonsan: 206, 259Posung-Myon area: 148-50Potsdam Conference: 8Power plants output slowed by USSR: 26 preservation of: 231-32, 241, 244-45, 248, 264-65, 347-48, 369-71, 380-81Press correspondents clearing statements to: 284-85, 324-26, 332-33, 349, 358-59, 366, 373 MacArthur statements to: 340, 351, 358-59 Ridgway statements to: 326, 340, 359-60Prisoners of war Communist China: 233, 236, 390 enemy, disposition of: 381 JCS directive on: 186-87 plans for rescuing: 215Propaganda campaigns Communist China: 289n North Korea: 38 Soviet Union: 22, 25, 296, 347"Provisional Government of Republic of Great Korea": 5Provisional Military Advisory Group to ROK (PMAG): 34. See also Military Advisory Group to ROK (KMAG).Public opinion, reaction to calling reserve components: 121-24Pugen Reservoir. See Fusen Reservoir.Pujon: 252-53, 259, 263-64Pukch'ong: 236Pungsan: 216, 236Pusan air operations, enemy: 76-77 airlift to: 80-81 Base Command: 81-82 in occupation priority: 7-8, 11 perimeter, operations around: 113-14, 125-27, 131-32, 137-38, 144-46, 148, 151-54, 155, 162-64, 165n, 174-77 port system and operations: 4, 172, 188, 190-91, 196, 207, 208, 258, 300 U.S. nationals evacuated from: 71 withdrawal to and from: 283-84, 290, 300-301, 312, 314, 324P'yongch'ang: 340P'yonggang: 364P'yonghae-ri: 86P'yongt'aek: 82, 309-10Pyongwon: 216P'yongyang: 187-91, 195-96, 202-06, 212, 215-18, 235-36, 257, 283, 304, 400P'yongyang-Wonsan road: 216Radford, Admiral Arthur W. See also Pacific Command. and Inch'on operation: 156 and Marine Corps units, employment of: 160-61 at Wake Island conference: 212Radio sets, numbers in stock: 46. See also Signal equipment, supply of.Railroads demolition of: 195 routes and operations: 4, 81, 191, 258, 347 shortages of facilities: 208Page 434Rashin: 10, 241, U5-47, 380-81Rations shortages, enemy: 390 stocks in FEC: 59 supply of: 207-08Rebuild programs. See Maintenance and repair programs.Recoilless rifles, reclamation and supply: 59Reconnaissance, aerial: 219, 230, 270, 272, 305, 327-28, 346, 369Reconnaissance, ground: 327Reconnaissance, ground, enemy: 303-04Recruits. See Replacements.Reeder, Maj. Gen. William O.: 294, 298Refugees, from North Korea: 23Regimental Combat Teams. See also Infantry Regiments. 4th: 108 5th: 44-45, 90-92, 127, 166, 222 9th: 166 14th: 44-45, 90-92, 230 196th: 124-25, 230 278th: 124-25, 230Reinforcements. See Replacements; Troop units.Reinholt, SS: 71Repair programs. See Maintenance and repair programs.Replacements. See also Troop units. airlift of: 87-88, 127-29, 215-16 Eighth Army system: 88n, 129 FEC requisitions for: 53, 56, 87-89, 98-99, 239, 343 numbers received: 127-29 problems in supplying: 127-34, 238 requisitions for: 69, 79, 91-94, 107-08, 119-20, 129-33, 137, 166-67, 223-24, 228-29, 237-39, 271, 282-84, 294-95, 298, 310-11, 313, 316, 325-28, 342-44, 384 shipment priorities for: 93-94 training of: 130Reporters. See Press correspondents.Republic of Korea. See also Kim Koo; Rhee, Syngman. agricultural resources and methods: 11-12 area and population: 11 armament, report on needs: 36 Armed Forces Organization Act: 34 assembly convenes: 26-27 casualties, civilian: 405 casualties, Communist-inflicted: 37-38 coast guard, strength: 34 Communist activity in: 19-20 constabulary, organization and armament: 32-33 courses of action open to U.S.: 67-68 cultural differences from North: 12 economy, state during occupation: 18 election results: 26, 40 financial assistance to: 30 government, restoration and security: 180, 183-87, 313, 386 government, support of: 180, 184, 328 government employees, number: 18 guerrilla operations, enemy: 38, 64 industrial resources: 12 Japanese officials, reaction to: 18 Kim Koo heads provisional government: 5, 14, 19 MacArthur, responsibilities in: 34 MacArthur assumes control of U.S. forces: 71 MacArthur proclaims restoration: 28 materiel supply to: 68-69 military assistance to: 35-36 military missions to: 4, 29-30 national police, activation and training: 32, 34 navy, MacArthur on need for: 34-35 NKA, attacks and withdrawals by: 1, 36-38, 61-65, 80-82, 111-12, 195, 204-05 North Korea, subversion in: 37 occupation, opposition to: 19-20 occupation, U.N. policy on: 180 plans for defending: 66-71 political parties, number: 18 political situation at occupation: 18 provisional government, return of: 14-16 refugees from North: 23 riots, Communist-inspired: 25 Soviet intentions, analysis of: 67-68 Soviet liaison mission withdrawn: 24 Soviet troops, entries by: 16 troop unit strength, U.S.: 25, 52, 86 troop unit withdrawals, U.S.: 28-30 troop unit withdrawals, USSR demand for: 26 U.N., admission to sought: 14 U.N., appeal to: 73 U.N. resolution on security of: 193-94 U.N.-ROK ground forces, control of: 215-18 U.S. control structure: 25-26 U.S. failure, political effects: 105 U.S. nationals evacuated: 67-69, 71 U.S. recognizes: 14, 28 U.S. support assured: 40 withdrawal from proposed: 30, 393 Youth Corps: 313Republic of Korea Army. See also National Police, ROK, plans for. I Corps: 189, 195, 202-06, 216, 232, 236, 266, 363-64 II Corps: 206, 234-35, 257, 274 III Corps: 339-40, 363-64 1st Division: 204-05, 233-35 3d Division: 195, 301 6th Division: 234-35 26th Regiment: 236 air-naval support as precedent: 70 air units, MacArthur on need for: 34-35 aircraft strength: 40Page 435Republic of Korea Army-Continued ammunition supplies to: 35, 66 arming of: 65-67, 313, 394n artillery strength: 40 artillery transferred to: 35 attached to U.S. units: 167-68, 171-72, 188, 239, 342-43 casualties: 235, 405 combat effectiveness: 39-40, 70-71, 191n, 205, 326, 394 defections to North: 38 early defeats: 82 expansion, equipping, and training: 32-33, 35, 168, 230, 313-14, 392, 394-96 intelligence reports from, distrust of: 64 KMAG with: 70, 80-81 materiel losses: 238 materiel supplied to: 35, 77 morale: 65 mortars transferred to: 35 motor vehicles transferred to: 35 rocket launchers transferred to: 35 troop units, control of: 188, 191n, 205-06, 215-16, 218, 381-82, 385 troop units, strength: 34, 40, 387 troop units, structure: 34, 40 U.S. aid in forming: 30-36 US. officers to command, proposed: 394-95 weapons transferred to: 35 withdrawal of, proposed: 312-13, 316, 323-24Republic of Korea Marine Corps: 207Research and development: 46Reserve components. See also Army Reserve; National Guard. recalls to active duty: 87 specialists recalled: 122, 131, 135-36 USMCR, levies on: 160-62Retrograde movements. See Withdrawal operations.Rhee, Syngman. See also Republic of Korea. amnesty proclamation, plans for: 180 arrival in Korea: 19 assistance to ROK, assured of: 35-36 Communists, enmity toward: 20-21 elected chairman of ROK Assembly: 26-27 elected and inaugurated president: 26-28 elections, plans for: 180 heads provisional government: 5 invasion, fears of: 35-37 MacArthur, assigns control of ROKA to: 102 MacArthur, conference with: 74 MacArthur address to: 185 military assistance asked by: 33-36 and North Korea, jurisdiction over: 220-21 provisional government representative: 5, 14 Ridgway, relations with: 308 and ROK government, restoration of: 180, 184 and ROKA, expansion and training: 394-95 trusteeship, opposition to: 26 U.N., seeks admission to: 14 U.S. recognition and support sought: 14 U.S. troop units, appeals for: 29, 72 and U.S. troop units, withdrawal of: 395Ridgway, General Matthew B.: 376. See also Eighth Army; Far East Command (FEC); United Nations Command (UNC). and airborne units, deployment of: 170-71 and airlift, supply by: 341-42 air-naval commitment, recalls: 70 and amphibious operations: 336, 397 and armistice proposals: 399-405 and Army expansion: 299 attrition tactics: 333-34, 361-64, 382, 396, 397 in AUDACIOUS: 364 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 380, 382, 385 and Chinese intervention: 298, 308-09 Collins, directives from: 383, 385 command authority: 381, 385 command roles, conflict in: 382-87 command roles, redefined: 396 commanders, directive to: 381-82 commands Eighth Army: 305-06 and continental China, operations against: 380, 386, 396 in COURAGEOUS: 362-63 in DAUNTLESS: 363 departure from Korea: 379 and DMZ, establishment of: 399-402, 404-05 and emergency declaration: 299 estimates of situation by: 105, 131, 335-36, 379-82, 388-89, 398 and expansion of conflict: 381 and General Reserve, levies on: 91 Han River operations: 334-40 Inch'on operations: 308-09, 336 intelligence reports to: 308 and Japan, security of: 383-84, 386 JCS, directives from: 381-87, 395-96, 401-02 Joy, directive to: 382 at KANSAS-WYOMING lines: 389, 397-404 in KILLER: 340 leadership, effect on troops: 327-28 limited offensives, directives on: 384-86, 397-99, 401-02 MacArthur, commendation by: 336, 348 MacArthur, relations with: 145-46, 167, 305-07, 378 and Manchuria, air operations against: 386 Marshall directives to: 383 military career: 306 mission as CINCUNC, evaluation of: 380, 382, 385-86 and morale: 390 and National Guard, levies on: 124 and naval operations: 336 North Korea, operations in: 361-64Page 436Ridgway, General Matthew B.-Continued and objectives in Korea: 383-84, 397, 405 offensive, maintenance of: 308-10, 326, 331, 387, 402 and political settlement proposals: 390, 396, 400-401 and power plants, preservation of: 380-81 press correspondents, statements to: 326, 340, 359-60 and prisoners of war, disposition of: 381 and public reaction to armistice: 404 and Rashin, air operations against: 345, 380-81 and replacements, requisitions for: 130-32, 294, 384 Rhee, relations with: 308 in RIPPER: 354-55, 357 and ROK government, security of: 386 and ROKA, control of troops: 381-82, 385 and ROKA, effect of withdrawal plans on: 312 and ROKA, U.S. officers to command: 394-95 and ROKA expansion and training: 394-96 in RUGGED: 363 and security of plans and movements: 133, 340 Seoul, operations around: 308-10, 335-37, 354 and service units, reduction of: 342 and Soviet border, inviolability of: 380, 382, 385 and Soviet intervention: 381-83, 386 Stratemeyer, directive to: 382 supply system and operations: 341-42, 361-62 tactical plans: 308-09, 326, 333-38, 340, 348, 364, 378-80, 382, 387- 89, 400-401 Taylor, directive from: 383, 385 and 38th Parallel, advance across: 335-38, 351, 353-54, 359-60, 379-82 in THUNDERBOLT: 333-34, 336 Truman, directive from: 383 and Van Fleet, assignment of: 378-79 Van Fleet, directive to: 381-82 victory, comment on possibility of: 399n visits to combat areas: 388-89, 402-03 and withdrawal operations: 309-10, 312-14, 331, 364, 382-83, 386, 395 and Yalu, air operations around: 380-81Riots, Communist-inspired: 25RIPPER: 354-55, 357Road systems: 191, 279, 335Roberts, Brig. Gen. William L.: 34-35, 39Rocket launchers deficiencies in: 84 transfer to ROKA: 35ROLL-UP: 58-59Roosevelt, Franklin D.: 7, 13Roosevelt, Theodore: 4ROUND-UP. See Han River.Ruffner, Maj. Gen. Clark L.: 157-58, 164RUGGED: 363Rusk, Dean: 212, 242, 268, 359Russia, imperial: 2-3. See also Soviet Union.Russo-Japanese War: 3Ryukyus Command (RYCOM): 49Sakchu: 246Sakhalin: 325Samanko: 246Samch'ok: 309-10San Francisco Port of Embarkation: 229-30, 297Sariwon: 188, 195-96Sasebo: 93, 172Seattle Port of Embarkation: 297Sebald, William J.: 184Secretary of the Air Force. See Finletter, Thomas K.Secretary of the Army. See Army, Department of the; Pace, Frank, Jr.; United States Army.Secretary of Defense. See Johnson, Louis A.; Marshall, General of the Army George C.Secretary of the Navy. See Kimball, Dan A.; Matthews, Francis P.Secretary of State. See Acheson, Dean G.Security measures: 133Selective Service system in Army expansion: 120-24Seoul: 67, 69-70, 82, 152, 196, 202. See also United States Embassy, Seoul. loss of forecast: 72 NKA advance on and seizure: 14, 70-72 in occupation priority: 7-8, 11, 14 population: 11 recovery of: 106, 139, 146, 149-52, 154, 173, 177, 184-85, 188-89 U.S. occupation of: 16 withdrawal to and from: 283-84, 290-91, 308-09, 335-37, 354Seoul-Ch'orwon-Wonsan corridor: 190Seoul-Kimp'o-Inch'on defensive line: 67, 69-70Seoul-P'yongyang axis: 400Seoul-Wonsan axis: 400Service units employment: 97-98, 342-43 ratio to combat units: 54 reduction of: 342-44 troop strength in FEC: 342Seventh Fleet: 69, 73, 77, 367, 369. See also Struble, Vice Adm. Arthur D.Shanghai: 5Sheetz, Maj. Gen. Josef R.: 49Shepherd, Lt. Gen. Lemuel C. (USMC): 150, 155, 161-62, 172Sherman, Admiral Forrest P. See also Navy, Department of the; United States Navy. and Chinese intervention: 328 MacArthur, conference with: 149-51 and MacArthur, relief of: 365n, 376 and Marine Corps troops, employment of: 160-64 and naval forces to halt invasion: 69 and replacements, problems of: 132 Seventh Fleet, orders move of: 69 and Soviet border, inviolability of: 279Page 437Shipping Japan, contracted from: 209-10 requirements: 106-07, 300-301, 313 shortages in: 91Shufeldt, Commodore Robert W.: 3-4Signal Battalions, 4th and 101st: 134-36Signal equipment, supply of: 208Signal units, requisitions for: 134-35Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95: 3Sinuiju: 231, 239, 241-46Sinup: 216nSmall arms. See Weapons.Smith, Col. Aubrey D.: 158, 207Smith, Lt. Col. Charles B.: 81. See also Task Force Smith, USA.Smith, H. Alexander: 365nSmith, Maj. Gen. Oliver P. (USMC) and Inch'on operation: 147-49, 164, 172 MacArthur, conference with: 148 and Marine Corps troops, employment of: 164-65 and North Korea, operations in: 254-55, 261 and over-optimism in planning: 222n in Wonsan operation: 206-07, 209Sonch'on: 216Songhyon-ni: 379Songjin: 216South Korea. See Korea; Republic of Korea.Soviet Union. See also Malik, Jacob; Russia, imperial; Stalin, Joseph V.; Vishinsky, Andrei A. aggressor resolution, vote against: 333 air violations of by USAF: 200-201, 247 arms and aircraft supplied to NKA: 37, 187-88, 208-09, 230-32, 247 blockade of China, attitude toward: 318 border, inviolability of: 279, 346-47, 372, 380, 382, 384-85 Communist China, relations with: 197, 201, 317, 320 concessions to, proposed: 7, 288 elections protested by: 26 entries by troops: 16 foreign policy toward: 286 and Formosa issue: 371 intentions in Korea, analysis of: 67-69, 104 intervention by, plans for meeting: 69, 75-77, 178-80, 182, 188-89, 199, 222, 253, 268-70, 286-87, 298, 315, 325-26, 352, 381-83, 386, 391-92 invasion by NKA, role in: 61n, 178 Japan, enters war against: 8 Japan, threat to: 311 Korea, differences with U.S. over: 6-7, 23-25 Korea, policy on future of: 14, 19, 23-25 Korea invaded by: 8-11 liaison mission in ROK: 24 Manchuria occupied by: 10-11 military missions to NKA: 37 military strength: 41 NATO, threat to: 287 NKA, influence on: 67, 75-76, 84-85 as nuclear power: 41 occupation by anticipated: 8 occupation zone defined: 11 POL supplies to NKA: 37 power plant flow cut by: 26 propaganda campaigns: 22, 25, 296, 347 provisional government, proposals for: 22 training of NKA by: 25 troop units withdrawn from North Korea: 26, 29 trusteeship, agreement on: 21-22, 26 U.N. jurisdiction, objection to: 26 unification, opposition to: 22-23 U.S. calls on to intervene: 100 withdrawal proposed by: 28-29Special Planning Staff, GHQ: 157-58Special Reserve equipment stocks: 297Specialists requisitions for: 139, 155, 166-67 Reservists recalled: 122, 131, 135-36Staffs. See Command and staff.Stalin, Joseph V.: 9 and armistice proposal: 197 Hopkins, conferences with: 7, 13 Soviet occupation zone defined by: 11 trusteeship, agreement on: 7, 13State, Department of. See also Acheson, Dean G.; State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC) . and armistice proposals: 290-91, 359 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 266-69 CINCUNC reports to UNO proposed by: 102-03 civil affairs, conduct of: 25, 221 and Communist China, admission to U.N.: 290-91 and continental China, operations against: 291, 332 courses of action considered: 349-51 DMZ, establishment proposed: 290-91 and expansion of conflict: 332 and Formosa, security of: 366-68 and Japanese contract shipping: 209-10 and Manchuria, air operations against: 235, 247 military assistance, role in: 117 military decisions, role in: 103-04 and national policy, clearance of statements on: 373 and North Korea, operations in: 193-94 and North Korea, withdrawal from: 290-91 and objectives in Korea: 181-82, 332, 349-51 and occupation troops, withdrawal of: 29-30 and political settlement proposals: 352, 357-59 and power plants, preservation of: 231-32 and Rashin, air operations against: 346-47 and ROK government, restoration of: 184-85 and ROKA, arming of: 67, 313 and Soviet border, inviolability of: 346-47Page 438State, Department of-Continued and 38th Parallel, advance across: 351-54, 358 and U.K. concern over U.S. policies: 289-90 and withdrawal operations: 395State-Army-Navy-Air Force Coordinating Committee (SANACC): 49-50State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC): 9-10, 49-50Strategic air operations: 108, 110, 112, 137, 241-44, 246-47, 249, 272, 277-78, 286, 300, 321, 329, 345. See also Air operations. Air Force concept: 109-10 B-29 aircraft in: 241-44 central control lacking: 108 against Communist China, proposed: 283-84, 289, 292, 320 by Far East Air Forces: 241-44 GHQ Target Group, practice by: 110 in Inch'on operation: 146, 151-52 JCS directives on: 73, 76-77 against Manchuria, proposed: 241-46, 251, 272-73, 277-78, 281, 283-84, 291, 320-25, 338-39, 351 by Navy: 246 in North Korea: 281 against Soviet Union, proposed: 321 along Yalu, proposed: 241-46, 273Stratemeyer, Lt. Gen. George E. (USAF). See also Far East Air Forces (FEAF). and air operations, control by: 108-09 air operations, plans for: 110-11 and airlift, supply by: 258, 341-42 and ammunition supply: 229 and Chinese intervention: 230-31 Collins, conference with: 283-84 commands FEAF: 49 and engineer troops, use of: 342 and Inch'on operation: 152 MacArthur, conference with: 188 and power plants, bombardment of: 348 and Rashin, bombardment of: 346 Ridgway, directive from: 382 and strategic air operations: 110, 241-42, 243n, 272Struble, Vice Adm. Arthur D. Chiang, conference with: 368 commands Joint Task Force Seven and Seventh Fleet: 172 and Inch'on operation: 172 MacArthur, commended by: 348 MacArthur, conference with: 149 and Marine Corps troops, employment of: 164-65 and Wonsan operation: 208, 216-17, 219Sudong: 236Suiho Hydroelectric Power Plant: 231, 241Sukch'on: 215-16, 283Sukhaya Rechk: 200-201Sunch'on: 215-16, 283Supply system and operations: 158, 190-91, 195, 229-30, 257-59, 263, 265, 297, 335, 341-42, 360-62, 363. See also Logistical system and operations; Materiel. by airlift: 195, 235, 257-58, 301, 341-42 of ammunition: 229-30, 236, 257 in Eighth Army: 398 FEC stocks, daily levels: 59 at Inch'on: 173-74 in North Korea operations: 281, 363-64 ration supply: 207-08 reduction, plans for: 222, 232 requisitions for: 81-86, 228-30, 297 shortages: 202 in UNC augmentation: 356Supply system and operations, enemy: 261-62, 272-73, 279-81, 340, 346- 48, 384, 398-99, 403Support units. See Service units; and by type and name.Supreme Commander, Allied Powers (SCAP): 48. See also MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas; Ridgway, General Matthew B."Supreme People's Assembly": 40Surplus Property Act: 35Surprise, application of: 173Surprise, application by enemy: 62, 235, 275Surrender demand by UNC: 186-88, 193, 195, 203-04Suwon: 71-72, 74, 80-81, 106, 173, 326, 333-34Sweden: 266Tactical air operations: 109-10, 173, 215-16, 307. See also Air operations. concept of: 110 diversion of bombers to: 109-10, 241-44 in Inch'on operation: 146, 152 at KANSAS-WYOMING lines: 398 by Marine Corps and Navy: 216, 303-04 in North Korea operations: 272 in withdrawal operations: 303-04Tactical air operations, enemy: 61Taebaek Ridge: 86, 191, 236, 279, 381Taegu: 82, 111-12, 125, 326Taejon: 82, 86, 111-13, 141, 142, 143, 177Taejon-Taegu line: 143Taejon-Taegu-Suwon line: 146, 152Taft, William Howard: 4Taiwan. See China, Nationalist; Formosa.Tank Battalions: 94Tank support: 82, 175, 326, 338, 387-88Tank support, enemy: 236Tank units NKA strength: 39 requisitions for: 92-93 shortages of: 89Tanks employment, advice against use: 36 number serviceable: 46Page 439Tanks-Continued reclamation and supply: 59 supply to Eighth Army: 297Tanks, enemy: 39, 82, 84Tanyang: 86Task Force 77, USN: 108Task Force 90, USN: 209Task Force Smith, USA: 81-82Tass news agency: 22Taylor, Maj. Gen. Maxwell D.: 351 and Han River operations: 338-39 limited directives, directive on: 401n and power plants, preservation of: 348 and Rashin, bombardment of: 347 Ridgway, directives to: 383, 385 and RIPPER: 354-55 and U.N. troops, requisitions for: 356Technical services units. See Service units; and by type and name.Technicians. See Specialists.Terrain, effect on operations: 1-2, 191, 270, 280-81, 335, 341-42, 363- 64, 398-99Thailand: 22538th Parallel operations around: 335-38, 351-54, 358-60, 379-82, 396 origin as demarcation line: 9-11 topography and communication lines: 11THUNDERBOLT: 333-34, 336Tides, effect on operations: 140-47Toksil-li: 216Tokyo conference at: 278-82 as FEC headquarters: 49 in occupation priority: 7Topography. See Terrain, effect on operations.Training airborne units: 169-70 for airlift: 57 for amphibious operations: 57 FEAF program: 54-58 for Inch'on: 159 MacArthur, directives on: 130, 165-66, 168 in NavFFE: 55 in North Korean Army: 36-37 realism applied: 159 X Corps program: 159 Walker, role in: 165-66Transport aircraft, shortage of: 88Transportation units, requisitions for: 98Trans-Siberia railroad: 321Treasury, Department of the: 318Troop units. See also Replacements; also by type and name. Army Reserve strength: 121 Asiatic, employment proposed: 193-94 Australian, deployment of: 225, 227, 356-57 Belgian, deployment of: 225, 227 Canadian, deployment of: 225, 227, 356-57 combat to service, ratio of: 54 combat-ready troops, requisitions for: 92-99 Communist China, deployment of: 179, 222n, 233-34 decision to commit: 79, 80 Eighth Army strength: 52, 54, 342-44 enemy strength: 36-37, 212-14, 241, 244-45, 259n, 260, 274-77, 280-81, 364, 380, 384-85, 387, 405 estimates of needs: 107-08 EUCOM, deployment to: 223, 286 EUCOM strength: 45 FEAF strength: 52-53, 196 FEC, quality of: 55-57 FEC, strength and turnover: 43-45, 52-55, 89-92, 230 FEC, structure in: 49, 53-54 French, deployment of: 225, 227, 356 General Reserve strength: 44-45, 118 Greek, deployment of: 225, 227, 356 infantry shortages in FEC: 89 Latin America, deployment of: 356-57 Marine Corps. See United States Marine Corps military missions, strength in: 43 movement, security of: 133, 340 Nationalist China, use proposed: 116-17, 283-84, 295-96, 319-21, 329 Netherlands, deployment of: 225, 227 New Zealand, deployment of: 225, 227, 356-57 NKA structure: 39 occupation forces withdrawn: 30 PACOM strength: 43 Philippines, deployment of: 227-28, 356 reductions, protested and justified: 52-53 requisitions for: 78-79, 80, 83-86, 106-08, 118 ROKA, control of: 205-06, 218, 381-82, 385 ROKA strength: 34, 40, 387 ROKA structure: 34, 40 service units, reduction of: 343-44 Thai, deployment of: 225 Turkey, deployment of: 225, 356 U.K., deployment and withdrawal: 224-25, 227-28, 356-57 UNC, number employed: 117, 196, 225, 230, 405 UNC, requisitions for: 224-28, 237-38, 344, 356-57, 384 UNC, withdrawal of: 222 U.S., withdrawal of: 28-30, 395 U.S. strength: 25, 45, 52-53, 86, 123, 221 withdrawal of demanded by Soviet Union: 26Trucks. See Motor vehicles.Truman, Harry S. advisers, reliance on: 177-79 and aggression, U.S. attitude toward: 292 air-naval commitment approved by: 69, 73 air operations, directive on: 76 and armistice proposals: 287, 292-93, 403Page 440Truman, Harry S.-Continued Army expansion approved by: 119-20 Army Reserve, call-up by: 88 and atomic bomb, potential use: 288 Attlee, conference with: 288-93 and blockade of China: 102 in chain of authority: 42 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 249 and Chinese intervention: 198, 200-202, 231, 252, 285-86 civil affairs, transfers from military: 25 and collective security, need for: 333 Collins, conference with: 79 as Commander in Chief: 79 and Communist China, admission to U.N.: 292-93 and Communist China, concessions to: 292-93 and Communist China, recognition of: 332-33 and Communist China as aggressor: 333 Communist China assets frozen by, 318 Communist expansion, determination to resist: 67n Congressional approval unsought: 73 and continental China, operations against: 317-18, 320-21, 324, 329- 30, 369 defense officials, meetings with: 68-70, 72-74, 76 emergency declaration by: 299-300 and expansion of conflict: 317-18, 320-21, 324 and Formosa, security of: 366-71 and General Reserve, levies on: 93-94, 132 ground forces, decision to deploy: 79, 80 and Inch'on operation: 151n, 154 invasion, reaction to: 66 and Japanese surrender procedures: 10 Joseph W. Martin letter: 374 and Korea as strategic area: 50 and limited offensives: 402 MacArthur commended by: 185-86, 325 and MacArthur violation of directives: 359, 366-67, 373-74 military-naval reinforcements ordered by: 69 and National Guard, levies on: 123-24 and national policy, clearance of statements on: 284, 324-25, 332-33, 349, 358-59, 366, 373 National Security Council, meeting with: 73 and Nationalist China, use of troops: 116, 320-21 and North Korea, drive on: 183n, 191 and North Korea, operations in: 282, 285-86 and objectives in Korea: 177, 179-82, 255-56, 349, 357-58, 393 and occupation, U.N. directives on: 220-21 Pleven, conference with: 332-33 and political settlement proposals: 357-59, 374, 393 Rhee, reassurance of assistance to: 35-36 Ridgway, directive to: 383 ROK, view on fall of: 67n and ROKA, expansion and training: 394 and ROKA, withdrawal of: 313 and Soviet intentions, analysis of: 69 and Soviet intervention: 76, 286-87 and strategic air operations: 242-44, 246, 249 and UNO, military assistance from: 61 as UNO agent: 101 and U.S. as UNO agent: 317n and Van Fleet, assignment of: 378 and VFW, MacArthur statement to: 370-71 at Wake Island conference: 210-14 and withdrawal operations: 30, 287, 292, 296n, 324-25Trusteeship agreement on: 7, 13, 21-22, 26 Communist support of in South Korea: 22 Nationalist China agreement on: 13, 26 opposition to in South Korea: 21-22, 26 Soviet agreement on: 7, 13, 21-22, 26Tumen River: 245-46, 399nTunner, Maj. Gen. William H. (USAF): 258Turkey materiel losses by: 297 troop units, deployment of: 225, 356Turner, Maj. Gen. Howard M. (USAF): 49. See also Air Force, Thirteenth.Uijongbu: 70-71, 308, 387-89Uisong: 127Underwater demolition teams: 148Unification, proposed and opposed: 20-23Unified commands: 43, 45, 47n, 48nUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Russia, imperial; Soviet Union; Stalin, Joseph V.United Kingdom, See also Attlee, Clement R.; Bevin, Ernest. 8th Hussars: 224-25 27th Infantry Brigade: 204-05, 227 29th Infantry Brigade: 224-25, 227-28 and blockade of China: 318 and Cairo Declaration on Korea: 6 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 249, 267 and Chinese intervention: 251 MacArthur, attitude toward: 251, 288, 290, 365-66, 372 military assistance from: 115 and Nationalist China, use of troops: 296 and objectives in Korea: 292-93 and political settlement proposals: 360-61 and strategic air operations: 242-43 troop units, deployment and withdrawal: 224-25, 227-28, 356-57 trusteeship, view on: 13, 26 UNO agent, introduces resolution on: 101 U.S., relations with: 331 U.S. policies, concern over: 289-93Page 441United Nations Command (UNC). See also MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas; Ridgway, General Matthew B. activated: 103 casualties: 238, 405 and Chinese troops, reports on: 199-200 and CINC, reports from: 102-03 CINC, U.S. asked to appoint: 101-02 evacuation of Korea considered: 289, 290 FEC staff doubles for: 103 JCS opposes committee command: 101 MacArthur named CINC: 102 objectives attained: 405-06 supply in augmentation of: 356 troop units, number employed: 117, 405 troop units, withdrawal of: 222 troop units strength: 196, 225, 230, 405 UNC-ROKA forces, control of: 215-18United Nations Organization (UNO) aggressor resolution, vote on: 332-33 and armistice proposals: 288-90, 331, 333 and Chinese border, inviolability of: 249, 268 Commission in Korea (UNCOK): 194 Commission for Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK): 194, 212, 220, 231-32, 269 Committee on Coordination of Assistance for Korea (CCAK): 100-101 Committee of Good Offices: 360 Communist China, admission proposed: 197, 290-93, 331 and Communist Chinese intervention: 242, 266-67 and continental China, operations against: 317, 320 DMZ, proposals for: 290 elections, supervision of: 219-20, 269, 331 Far East problems, conference to settle: 331 and Formosa issue: 369-71 France introduces agent resolution: 101 invasion, reaction to: 66-67 JCS as agent for: 101-03, 243 joint action, resolution on: 73-74, 100-102, 177-78, 185, 369-71 joint action, U.S. proposal for: 68, 73, 100 jurisdiction protested by USSR: 26 Korean stability, resolution on: 193-94 Malik proposal rejected: 197 military assistance from: 61, 115-17 and Nationalist China, use of troops: 319 objectives in Korea: 349, 392 occupation, control by: 219-21 occupation, directives on: 220-21 occupation troops ordered withdrawn: 30 reports to, directive on: 102-03 ROK admission sought: 14 ROK appeals to: 73 seen as composing differences: 23 Soviet boycott of: 66, 101, 194 Temporary Commission on Korea: 26, 40 and 38th Parallel, advance across: 351, 353 and troop units, control of: 103n and troop units, requisitions for: 224-28, 237-38, 344, 356-57, 384 and Truman as Security Council agent: 101 U.K. introduces agent resolution: 101 U.S. action confirmed by: 73-74 U.S. as agent: 317n U.S. brings problem to: 26 U.S. commitment without sanction of: 70, 73 and withdrawal operations: 331United States. See also Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Truman, Harry S. and Cairo Declaration on Korea: 6 China territorial violation charged to: 197 and collective security: 41 communism, policy toward containing: 100 Communist China, recognition proposed: 292 elections proposed by: 26 Europe as chief interest: 41 independence, policy toward: 14 invasion plans: 8 Korea, relations with: 3-4 Korea, treaties with: 3 language barrier, effect of: 18-19 military assistance from: 35-36 military missions to ROK: 4, 29-30 military policy: 41-42 national defense, effect of commitment on: 104-05 Nationalist China, relations with: 319 nationals evacuated: 67-69, 71 NATO, role in: 41, 287 and objectives in Korea: 292, 349-50 occupation objective defined: 19 occupation zone defined: 11 policies, foreign concern over: 289-93 and provisional government, return of: 16, 22 ROK, recognition of: 14, 28 Soviet Union, calls on to intervene: 100 Soviet Union, differences with: 6-7, 23-25 trusteeship, agreement on: 21-22, 26 U.K., relations with: 331 U.N., problem brought to: 26 as U.N. agent: 317n U.N. joint action proposed by: 68, 73, 100 U.N. sanctions action: 73-74 unification, proposals for: 20-23United States Air Force. See also Air Force, Department of the; Far East Air Forces (FEAF); Vandenberg, General Hoyt S. China, air violations of: 247 commitment proposed: 70, 73 no FEC staff representation: 108 GHQ, relations with 47 intelligence reports, evaluation by: 63 Soviet territory, violations of: 200-201, 247Page 442United Slates Air Force-Continued strategic air operations, concept of: 109-10 units, requisitions for: 239United States Army. See also Army, Department of the; Pace, Frank, Jr.; War Department. ammunition stocks: 46 antiaircraft guns, stocks of: 46 Army area organization: 42n Army Reserve, role in expansion of: 120-22 casualties: 405 combat effectiveness: 56-57, 282, 292, 322-23 Congress approves expansion: 120n construction machinery stocks: 46 divisions, number in: 53 expansion and reduction: 118-22, 238, 297-99, 307-09 field artillery stocks: 46 Kim Il Sung on tactics of: 114n Koreans, number attached to: 167-68, 171-72, 239 materiel, state of: 45-46 materiel, World War II, disposition of: 58 mobilization base, effect of levies on: 90-91 motor vehicles stocks: 46 national defense, structure in: 42-43 National Guard role in expansion: 120, 122-25 NSC, role in expansion: 298-99 radio stocks: 46 ROKA, officers to command: 394-95 Selective Service role in expansion: 120-24 strategic planning. post-World War II: 41-42 strength of, expansion and reduction: 46, 86-88, 119-20, 221-22, 239, 288, 299 tanks in stock: 46 troop strength, periodic: 43, 45, 53, 123, 221 weapons, deficiencies in: 86-87 weapons research and development: 46United States Army Forces in Korea (USAFIK) ADCOM, proposed merger with: 86 governmental authority ends: 28 Hodge succeeded by Coulter: 26-27 inactivated: 86 JCS, placed under control of: 25United States Embassy, Seoul: 62-63, 65United States Marine Corps air support by: 216, 303-04 Reserve forces, levies on: 160-62 troop units, employment of: 92, 139, 142-43, 159-65 troop units, strength: 86-87, 159-60United States Navy. See also Kimball, Dan A.; Naval Forces, Far East (NavFFE); Navy, Department of the; Sherman, Admiral Forrest P. air support by: 216, 246, 303-04 commitment proposed: 70, 73 no FEC staff representation: 108 GHQ, relations with: 47 units, requisitions for: 239Unity of command, principle exemplified: 114-17Unsan: 235U.S. News & World Report: 284, 371Utchin: 152Van Fleet, Lt. Gen. James A. and amphibious operations: 397 arrival in Korea: 379 assignment of: 378-79 commands Eighth Army: 376, 378-79 and DMZ, establishment of: 399-400 estimate of situation by: 398 at KANSAS-WYOMING lines: 380, 387-89, 398-403 and limited offensives: 398, 400-402 patrol bases, operations from: 387-88, 398 Ridgway, directives from: 381-82 and ROKA, control of troops: 382 and ROKA, expansion and training: 394 and ROKA, U.S. officers to command: 394-95 tactical plans: 379, 387-89, 397-98, 400-401 tank support, use of: 387-88 troops, number commanded by: 387 victory, comment on chances of: 339n and withdrawal operations: 379-80Vandenberg, General Hoyt S.: 168, 330. See also Air Force, Department of the. and air forces to halt invasion: 69 and airlifts, plans for: 157 and airlifts, supply by: 258 Formosa, orders aircraft to: 69 and limited offensives: 401 MacArthur, conferenced with: 105-06, 140, 325-27 and MacArthur, relief of: 365n, 376 and reconnaissance, aerial and ground: 327 strategic air operations, concept of: 110 visits to combat areas: 108, 327Veterans of Foreign Wars: 370-71Vishinsky, Andrei A.: 371. See also Soviet Union.Vladivostok: 188, 268, 279, 321, 325, 347Volunteer Reserves. See Army Reserve.Waegwan: 127, 202Wake Island conference: 210-14, 218, 220, 222-23, 232, 371Walker, General Walton H. See also Eighth Army. Almond, conference with: 125 and ammunition supply: 229-30, 236, 257 and amphibious operations: 141n Bolte, conference with: 237 and Chinese intervention: 235-36 Collins, conferences with: 137, 282-83 combat and training, dual role in: 165-66 commands Eighth Army: 49 commands EUSAK and Eighth Army Rear: 86 commands UNC ground forces: 196 commands U.S. ground forces: 86 death of: 305 enemy troop strength, estimates by: 274 ground units, deployment by: 91Page 443Walker, General Walton H.-Continued Hickey, conferences with: 127, 129, 145 and Inch'on operation: 145, 153-54 and Kunsan operation: 176-77 MacArthur, relations with: 125-26, 188-90, 307 and Marine Corps troops, employment of: 164-65 and Naktong River operations: 145 North Korea, drive on: 183-84, 189-90, 195-96 North Korea, operations in: 202-14, 215, 234-36, 245, 257-60, 262, 266, 271-73, 274-75, 278-83 and Pusan operations: 113-14, 125-27, 131-32, 137-38, 144-46, 148, 151-54, 155, 162-64, 165n, 174-77, 283-84, 290, 300-301, 312, 314 and P'yongyang operations: 216, 218, 235-36, 304 replacements, requisitions for: 107-08, 137, 166 and ROKA troops, control of: 205-06 specialists, requisitions for: 166-67 supplies, requisitions for: 297 supply system and operations: 257-59 tactical plans: 125-27, 131-32, 257-59, 272, 304 Taejon-Taegu line, defense of: 143 at Tokyo conference: 278-82 withdrawal operations: 304-05War Department: 25-26. See also Army, Department of the; State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee.Weapons. See also Materiel; also by name. deficiencies in: 82, 84-87 nationalist China deficiencies: 320 reclamation and supply: 54-60 research and development in: 46 shortages: 54, 106 transfer to ROKA: 35Weather, effect on operations: 191, 266, 272, 279, 341, 346, 363, 390, 398Wedemeyer, Lt. Gen. Albert C.: 28, 37, 365nWeible, Maj. Gen. Walter L.: 49, 136-37, 229-30. See also Japan Logistical Command.Weyland, Lt. Gen. Otto P. (USAF): 110-11Whitney, Maj. Gen. Courtney: 161n, 212, 278-81, 335-36Wiley, Alexander: 365nWilloughby, Maj. Gen. Charles A. and air operations, control of: 110-11 Chinese troops, reports on: 179, 198-200, 233-34, 239-41, 259, 263, 273, 276-77 intelligence estimates and reports by: 62-64. 139-40, 179, 202, 259- 60, 263, 272-73, 274-77, 304-05, 337-38 North Korean troops, report on: 273 tactical exercise by: 159 at Tokyo conference: 278-82Withdrawal operations: 30, 180, 222-30, 237, 254, 271, 287-92, 294, 296n, 298, 300-306, 309-14, 316-17, 321-25, 327-28, 331, 338-39, 364, 378-80, 382-83, 386, 391, 395-96 air support of: 303-04 by Communist Chinese: 389-90 doctrine lacking on: 301-02 ROKA, effect on: 323-24WOLFHOUND: 326Wolmi-do: 147, 173Wonju: 340Wonsan: 236, 397, 400 naval support at: 208, 216-17, 219 operations at: 141n, 187-91, 195-96, 202, 204-10, 212, 216-19, 232, 236 port operation: 206, 259Wonsan Airfield: 216Wonsan-P'yongyang road: 188Wonsan-Yandok road: 263Wright, Maj. Gen. Edwin K. See also Joint Strategic Plans and Operations Group (JSPOG). and airfields, defense of: 300 enemy troop strength, estimates by: 260 and GHQ Reserve, headquarters for: 155-57 and Hungnam operation: 205-06 and Inch'on operation: 139, 141n, 149, 176, 190n and Koreans, attachment to U.S. units: 167 and Marine Corps units, employment of: 164-65 and North Korea, drive on: 187-89, 191 and North Korea, operations in: 260-63, 279 and strategic air operations: 277-78, 300 at Tokyo conference: 278-82 and withdrawal operations: 237, 300-301, 312-13 Wright, Col. William H. S.: 36 WYOMING line: 363-64, 379-80, 384, 386, 396, 397-99, 401-03Yalta Conference: 7Yalu River, operations around: 179, 190, 197, 230-31, 233-37, 240-47, 250-56, 257, 262, 265-66, 268-73, 274, 276-78, 287, 290, 347-48, 372, 380-81, 399nYanggu: 379Yangnung: 334-35Yangp'yong: 340Yangyang: 304, 361, 363, 380Yellow Sea: 145, 146Yesong River: 361, 363, 401-02Yoju: 333Yokohama: 172Yonan Peninsula: 401-02Yonch'on: 379-80Yongch'on: 308Yongdok: 127Yongdong: 112-13Yonghung-Taepyong-ni road: 263Yongp'yong: 304, 334-35Yongwol: 340Yongwon: 188-89, 195-96, 216Youth Corps, ROK: 313Yugoslavia: 101, 333
